DiversityEvolutionEvolusityGenetics The dumpster

Question All life on Earth are divided into these 3 domains and 5 kingdoms

Answer 1 – 10 Domains: archaea, bacteria, eukarya Kingdoms: plantae, fungi, Animalia, protista

Question What are bacterial cell walls made of?

Answer 1 – 20 Peptidoglycan

Question Describe 4 out of the 8 criteria shared by all living things

Answer 1 – 30 Reproduction Cells Heredity Obtain and use energy Adapt to the environment through evolution Maintain homeostasis Interact with the environment Grow and develop

Question Describe two different ways bacteria can be used to benefit humans

Answer 1 – 40 Making food Cleaning the environment Producing drugs

Question Describe what “externalizing the costs of production” means, and name 2 ways this occurs

Answer 1 – 50 Consumers do not pay the full cost of making the product Along the way, the environment, workers and employees are harmed

Question What are 3 ways that animals can be successful in nature?

Answer 2 – 10 Adapting to unique environment Avoiding predators Gathering resources

Question The germ theory of disease says that many diseases are caused by microorganisms. Explain why this fits the three criteria of scientific theories

Answer 2 – 20 It is explanatory: it explains why people get sick It is falsifiable: if you deliberately doused many people in viruses and bacteria, and they don’t get sick It is predictive: if you isolate sick people, they will not infect others

Question Describe the differences between natural selection and genetic drift

Answer 2 – 30 Natural selection: both random and non- random Genetic drift: random

Question What are the differences between analogous and homologous features? Give an example of each

Answer 2 – 40 Analogous features: same uses, but evolved differently, and have different structures Homologous features: may be different uses, but inherited from the same common ancestor

Question Explain why the fossil record suggests that organisms evolved over long periods of time

Answer 2 – 50 The fossil record shows simple organisms in the oldest layers, and complex organisms in newest layers Organisms in every layer resemble those contained in earlier layer

Question Eve thinks that viruses are alive, but Emilie thinks viruses are not alive. Explain why they may both be right.

Answer 3 – 10 Not alive: no cell, cannot reproduce without attacking other cells Alive: can pass down traits, can evolve, can interact with environment, can use energy, has genes

Question Explain how this organism could have evolved

Answer 3 – 20

Question What does genetic drift tend to do to a population? Explain whether it is harmful or beneficial.

Answer 3 – 30 Lower genetic diversity Harmful, because there is higher chance of inbred genetic problems, as well as less diverse adaptations

Question Describe what antibiotic resistance is, and how it demonstrates evolution

Answer 3 – 40 Bacteria start with random mutations that make them more or less resistant to antibiotics not using antibiotics correctly leads to only the weak bacteria being killed, allowing the strong to survive and pass on their genes This is an example of natural selection

Question How do scientists think eukaryotic organisms and complex organelles such as mitochondria evolved from prokaryotic organisms?

Answer 3 – 50 A bigger prokaryotic organism ate a smaller prokaryotic organism. The smaller organism survived inside the big organism and lived symbiotically with it.

Question What are alleles?

Answer 4 – 10 Variations of genes

Question Name and describe 3 different ways DNA can be organized

Answer 4 – 20 DNA double strand Genes Chromosomes

Question Describe 3 differences between mitosis and meiosis

Answer 4 – 30 Tetrads form in meiosis Meiosis occurs to form sex cells Meiosis has 2 divisions Meiosis produces haploid cells

Question In order to create a karyotype, you have to be able to take clear pictures of every chromosome in a cell. When would be the best time to take these pictures during the cell cycle?

Answer 4 – 40 Metaphase – chromosomes are all lined up in the middle, and are condensed

Question Explain how two dark-skinned parents can have children with light skin.

Answer 4 – 50 Skin colour is polygenic The dark-skinned parents inherited recessive alleles for light-skin from their parents, and passed those alleles down to their children.

Question What is the basic driver of evolution?

Answer 5 – 10 Mutations

Question List the 5 stages of the lytic cycle

Answer 5 – 20 Attachment Insertion Replication Assembly Lysis

Question Explain the difference between incomplete dominance and codominance

Answer 5 – 30 Incomplete dominance: heterozygous individuals will have a blend of the two traits Co-dominance: heterozygous individuals will show both traits

Question SpongeBob is heterozygous for his square shape, but SpongeSusie is round. What proportion of their children would have a square shape?

Answer 5 – 40 75%

Question What is sickle cell anemia and why is it found more in Africa?

Answer 5 – 50 Recessive disorder that alters the shape of red blood cells People who are carriers of the sickle cell allele are more resistant to malaria, which is more common in Africa.