The Brain and Behavior Outline Functions Evolution: structure and behavior Basic Unit: The Neuron Generation: How does a signal get started? Action Potential:

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Presentation transcript:

The Brain and Behavior Outline Functions Evolution: structure and behavior Basic Unit: The Neuron Generation: How does a signal get started? Action Potential: How does a signal move? Synapses Reflexes: A model Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

Functions Communication Coordination Control Cognition Complexity

Outline: Start With A Mechanistic View Functions Evolution: structure and behavior Basic Unit: The Neuron Generation: How does a signal get started? Action Potential: How does a signal move? Synapses Reflexes: A model Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

Evolution None Nerve net Segmented Cephalization: an organizing principle (brain- mind correlation not always obvious!) Kineses Taxes Reflexes

Evolution

Brain Structure

DRUGS

Evolution None Nerve net Segmented Cephalization: an organizing principle (brain-mind correlation not always obvious!) Kineses Taxes Reflexes

Kinesis (potato bug) Taxis (moth / maggot / fly / tick) Reflex: (knee jerk) –Descartes 161 St. Germaine on the Seine –Pineal –Mechanist

Reflexes Braightenberg: Vehicles

Outline Functions Evolution: structure and behavior Basic Unit: The Neuron Generation: How does a signal get started? Action Potential: How does a signal move? Synapses Reflexes: A model Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

The Neuron 100 billion Varied in size, shape, function Function of neuron sending signals in real time (ex.) What is the signal? - electrical / chemical

Outline Functions Evolution: structure and behavior Basic Unit: The Neuron Generation: How does a signal get started? Action Potential: How does a signal move? Synapses Reflexes: A model Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

Origin of nerve signal Function of neuron sending signals in real time (ex.) What is the signal? - electrical / chemical

Generation Two forces: –Electrical (ionic) –Chemical (concentration) –Give rise to steady-state voltage “resting potential” –Universal in cells

Outline Functions Evolution: structure and behavior Basic Unit: The Neuron Generation: How does a signal get started? Action Potential: How does a signal move? Synapses Reflexes: A model Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

Action Potential

Movement of a Signal

Action Potential Cell actions Speed: Muller (light), Helmholtz (43 m/sec) Refractoriness All or none law Coding of intensity: analog-digital + recruitment (organizing principle)

Neuron Communication Propagation is much faster if the axon is myelinated: Depolarization proceeds down the axon by a number of skips or jumps. The action potential obeys the all-or- none law: Once it’s launched, further increases in stimulus intensity have no effect on its magnitude.

Neuron Communication Propagation is much faster if the axon is myelinated: Depolarization proceeds down the axon by a number of skips or jumps. The action potential obeys the all-or- none law: Once it’s launched, further increases in stimulus intensity have no effect on its magnitude. Frequency signals intensity

Outline Functions Evolution: structure and behavior Basic Unit: The Neuron Generation: How does a signal get started? Action Potential: How does a signal move? Synapses Reflexes: A model Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

Synapses: What happens when signal reaches end of neuron? Two types of actions - excitatory / inhibitory Chemical model Temporal & spatial summation

Synapses

Release of Neurotransmitter

Synapses

Outline Functions Evolution: structure and behavior Basic Unit: The Neuron Generation: How does a signal get started? Action Potential: How does a signal move? Synapses Reflexes: A model Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

A Model for building behavior out of simple building blocks Reflexes Voting behavior Mirror neurons Other examples to follow

Reflexes: A model

Outline Functions Evolution: structure and behavior Basic Unit: The Neuron Generation: How does a signal get started? Action Potential: How does a signal move? Synapses Reflexes: A model Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

Principles and Functions Cephalization All-or-None Law Frequency Coding of Intensity Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies Localization of Function (+ Integration) Topographic Projection (& Distortion) Split Brain (Crossed Connections) Connectivity & Functional Connectivity Neuro-plasticity & Reorganization

Brain Structure (midline)

Structure: Central Core

Structure: X-Ray View

Localization of Function

Localization/Topographic Projection

Localization/Topographic Proj.

Split Brain