1 INTERNATIONAL PYRHELIOMETRIC COMPARISON(IPC) -XII AT WRC, DAVOS, SWITZERLAND (28 TH SEPTEMBER TO 16 TH OCTOBER 2015) Monitoring and Data Archival of India Meteorological Department’s Radiation Network in real time Anjit Anjan Scientist D Central Radiation Laboratory, PUNE, INDIA (RA –II)

Vision A leading establishment for sustenance and modernization of Network for Radiation Instruments in India and well respected for its data quality.

Mission To provide quality Radiation data to meet our national needs and international obligations, and support to dedicate Weather and Climate services to reduce vulnerability and promote sustainable development.

Quality Policy Central Radiation Laboratory(CRL),Pune is fully committed for providing timely Radiation data with consistent accuracy through implementation of Quality Management System (QMS). CRL,Pune seeks improvement in its data quality through participation and involvement of National Laboratories, Research Institutes, IMD establishments and User community will ensure for implementing QMS.

Miles stones achieved in Solar Radiation Measurement First Radiation measurement made at Kolkata,India Radiation measurement continued at Mussoorie,India Radiation measurement continued at Shimla,India & also at Kodiakanal,India

Continue… Angstrom Pyrgeometer used for net terrestrial radiation and also direct solar irradiance at Pune,India. Regular recording of Global solar irradiance started using MG Pyranometer and galvanometric millivolt recorder at Delhi,India

Continue… IMD started four(4) Radiation stations – Pune,New Delhi,Chennai and Kolkata. A network of Radiation stations increased to 14 Nos.

Continue… A network of Radiation stations increased to 35 Nos. A network of Radiation stations increased to 45 Nos.

Continue… Use of Datalogger in IMD Radiation network Use of Eppley based solar tracker,Terrestrial Radiation Sensor,UV A sensors in IMD Radiation Network

Continue… Use of GPRS communication for Radiation Data uploading in IMD website Addition of UV B sensors in IMD Radiation Network

Continue… Use of GPS based Solar tracker in IMD network

Radiation Lab. India, as a Regional Radiation Centre for Asia (RA II) is participating in XII International Pyrheliometric Comparison (IPC) organized by WRC, Davos, Switzerland during 28 th September to 16 th October The Primary Standard of IMD will be compared with World Standard Group (WSG) of Instruments. The comparison is done once in 5 years for checking the stability of the calibration factor of the Regional Pyrheliometric Standards.

Continue…. IMD participated in International Pyrheliometric and participates in Comparison with the World Standard Group (WSG) using the sun as source (Direct Radiation). The main aim is to ensuring the traceability of solar Radiation measurement around the world using the World Radiometric Reference (WRR) and defining the suitable working reference to WMO members. During 2010 IPC XI, the primary standard of India (HF 18742) was taken for international comparison. In Sep-Oct 2015 IPC XII, the primary standard of India (HF 18742) will taken for international comparison.

Radiation Network in India

Radiation Network of IMD TYPES OF RADIATION NETWORK SOLAR RADIATION INFRA-RED RADIATION ULTRA -VIOLET RADIATION

Details of Radiation parameters at network stations Parameters No. of stations with the parameters  GLOBAL 45  TERRESTRIAL 45  UV-A 45  UV-B 40  DIFFUSE 37  DIRECT 21

Exposure conditions of the sites Height of Radiation sensor as per WMO recommendations META data of Radiation Station Installation, Maintenance and calibration of Radiation Station Power requirement/ power budget Power & signal safety condition Datalogger and Sensor installation Field Test and Calibration of sensors Communication Set up Data uploading to website ( Data archival at NDC,Pune Maintenance of Radiation Station

COMPONENTS OF RADIATION RECORDING SYSTEM The Radiation Data recording system consists of following items: 1. Data logger 2. Maintenance free battery – 7AH 3. Battery charger 4. GPRS Modem for communication 5. Radiation sensors

9210 DATALOGGER(Sutron make) 19 2x20 Backlit LCD display Menu and Data Entry keys B Terminal Strip: 8 channel Digital I/O, RS485, SDI-12 A Terminal Strip: 10 channel Analog input, DC Power connection Earth Connection 3 RS232 Ports, I 2 C Bus to additional I/O modules, Optional PCMCIA card

GPRS MODEM( ACCEL,INDIA MAKE)  GPRS Modem is a specially designed Remote Data Hosting System, to upload any data from instrument on the Web-site.  The uploaded data can be viewed from anywhere in the world using internet.  Its unique low power application makes it suitable for hosting data from various remote data monitoring system.

Thermoelectric Pyrheliometer with Heliostat (IMD make)- 1980

NIP on Solar Tracker (Eppley make)-2009

SOLAR TRACKER [VIRTUAL(INDIA MAKE)] {2014}

Features in the solar Tracker  Microprocessor controlled pan.  Tilt assembly used in DNI and other sensors.  Accuracy pointing is 0.1 degree.  It is fully gear driven.  30NM load capacity.

Continue….  For precise position control stepper servo motor is used  Sun position can be calculated at best accuracy using internal GPS inserted for time and position  It is power efficient and works on 12 V battery.  For status monitoring and configuring LAN/WAN connectivity provided.

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UV-A UV radiation reaching the earth’s surface can be classified into domains UV-A ( nm). Since UV-A is only slightly absorbed by ozone layer significant proportion of this radiation reaches the Earth surface.

UV-B is absorbed to a large extent by the atmosphere and hence relatively a small proportion reaches to the surface. UV-B ( nm) is most dangerous with its deadly ill effects on biological cells. The range is of crucial importance as it inflicts severe damage on the living cells. It can even cause skin cancer as the genetic material DNA is very susceptible to the solar radiation at 260 nm and the effect continues at longer wavelengths. UV-B

Field Radiation Station Implementation of solar panel at Radiation Station for charging the battery (12 V,65 AH)

World Radiation Data Centre(WRDC)  WRDC was established in 1964 by WMO.  WRDC is located in St. Petersburg at the Main Geophysical Observatory of the Russian Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring. WRDC  WRDC centrally collects, archives and publishes radiometric data for the world, to ensure the availability of these data for research purposes by the international scientific community.  It issues a periodic bulletin entitled "Solar Radiation and Radiation Balance Data - The World Network.“  WRDC processes solar radiation data currently submitted from more than 500 stations located in 56 countries and operates an archive with more than 1200 stations.  IMD supplies data (such as: Global, Diffuse, Direct Solar radiation, Sunshine duration) of 13 Radiation stations to WRDC on hourly, daily or monthly basis. 30

List of Stations with parameters for WRDC stations Sr.NoStationParameters 1 Ahmedabad Global, Diffuse, Direct, Terrestrial, UV-A, UV-B 2 Chennai Global, Diffuse, Direct, Terrestrial, UV-A, UV-B 3 Goa Global, Diffuse, Direct, Terrestrial, UV-A, UV-B 4 Jodhpur Global, Diffuse, Direct, Terrestrial, UV-A, UV-B 5 Kodaikanal Global, Diffuse, Direct, Terrestrial, UV-A, UV-B 6 Kolkata Global, Diffuse, Direct, Terrestrial, UV-A, UV-B 7 Mumbai Global, Diffuse, Direct, Terrestrial, UV-A, UV-B 8 Nagpur Global, Diffuse, Direct, Terrestrial, UV-A, UV-B 9 New Delhi Global, Diffuse, Direct, Terrestrial, UV-A, UV-B 10 Pune Global, Diffuse, Direct, Terrestrial, UV-A, UV-B 11 Shillong Global, Diffuse, Direct, Terrestrial, UV-A, UV-B 12 Trivandrum Global, Diffuse, Direct, Terrestrial, UV-A, UV-B 13 Visakhapatnam Global, Diffuse, Direct, Terrestrial, UV-A, UV-B

Measurement of Global Solar Radiation( Pune),INDIA

Measurement of Diffuse Solar Radiation( Pune),INDIA

Achievements/Progress:

World Meteorological Organization Training Course on “Instrument Maintenance and Calibration” was held from 3 rd November to 28 th November participants from 24 countries participated in the training programme. Dr. Yinka R. Adebayo, Chief, Education & Fellowships Division, Development & Regional Activities Department, World Meteorological Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland visited Surface Instruments Division during 24 th to 28 th Nov for supervision and inspection. WMO Training at IMD,Pune

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Calibration of Sensors  Radiation sensors, which are not absolute, must be calibrated against an absolute instrument.  The accuracy of the measured value then depends on the precision of the instrument and on the calibration procedure.  Absolute cavity radiometer available at radiation lab, is intercompared with other WSG (World Standard Group) radiometers at WRC, Davos,Switzerland, once in every five years.  Thus absolute cavity radiometer (regional standard) at Radiation lab, Pune has its calibration traceable to World Radiometric Reference (WRR).  Reference sensors of Radiation lab, Pune are calibrated against this cavity standard.  These reference sensors are used to calibrate travelling standards, which in turn, are used to calibrate field sensors

39 YearTotal No. of setsHF/MeanPMO/Mean December Mean= S.D.= %S.D.=0.035 Mean= S.D.= %S.D.=0.035 February Mean= S.D.= %S.D.= Mean= S.D.= %S.D.= January-February Mean= S.D.= %S.D.= Mean= S.D.= %S.D.= January-February Mean= S.D.= %S.D.= Mean= S.D.= %S.D.= Jan-Feb-Mar Mean= S.D.= %S.D.= Mean= S.D.= %S.D.= Jan-Feb Mean= S.D.= %S.D.= Mean= S.D.= %S.D.= Intercomparison of Absolute Radiometers:Results

40 YearTotal No. of setsHF/MeanPMO/Mean December 2011 to January Mean= S.D.= %S.D.= Mean= S.D.= %S.D.= December 2012 to March Mean= S.D.= %S.D.= Mean= S.D.= %S.D.= December 2013 to March Mean= S.D.= %S.D.= Mean= S.D.= %S.D.= December 2014 to March Mean= S.D.= %S.D.= Mean= S.D.= %S.D.= Continue…..

Solar Power in India  With about 300 clear, sunny days in a year, India's theoretical solar power reception, on its land area alone, is about 5,000 trillion kilowatt-hours (kWh) per year (or 5 EWh/yr).solar powerkilowatt-hoursE  The solar energy available in a year exceeds that of all fossil fuel energy reserves in India.fossil fuel  The Canal Solar Power Project is a project launched in Gujarat, India, to use the 19,000-kilometre-long network of Narmada Canals across the state for setting up solar panels to generate electricity. It was the first ever such project in India.GujaratNarmadasolar panels  The pilot project will generate 1.6 million units of clean energy per annum and also prevent evaporation of 9 million litres of water annually from the canal.  The project virtually eliminates the requirement to acquire vast tracts of land and limits evaporation of water from the 750 meter long canal, tackling two challenges simultaneously by providing energy and water security.

 The Canal Solar Power Project is a project launched in Gujarat, India, to use the 19,000-kilometre-long network of Narmada canals across the state for setting up solar panels to generate electricity.GujaratNarmadasolar panels  The pilot project will generate 1.6 million units of clean energy per annum and also prevent evaporation of 9 million litres of water annually from the canal Canal Solar Power Project in Gujarat World's first 1 MW canal- top solar power plant in Mehsana district,Gujarat Damodar Valley CorporationDamodar Valley Corporation, which has over 2000 kilometres of canals, will follow Gujarat's lead and mount solar panels that can generate up to 1,000 MW

Strategic Plans  To upgrade all 45 Radiation Stations with GPRS based and data should be available on website in real time for monitoring.  All 45 Radiation stations should measure 6 Radiation parameters – Global, Diffuse,Direct,Terrestial,UV-A and UV-B.  All Radiations sensors at field site should be calibrated in every 2 years.  Installation of Net Radiations sensors at AGRO based Radiation Stations.  Data archival should be done at NDC, Pune and also as CRL,Pune also in real time.  Primary standards – 3 Nos. should be maintained at CRL,Pune.  Calibration of secondary standards of Countries in RA – II region.  More emphases on Research papers, technical reports, new techniques of measurement on solar radiations.