Organic Chemistry EL 11

Carbon bonding Carbon is unique because it can form 4 equal bonds. – This property allows it to form multiple types of bonds. Can also form long chains of atoms.

Hydrocarbons Molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen. Alkanes – hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds – also called saturated hydrocarbons. Alkenes – hydrocarbons that contain a double bond. Alkynes – hydrocarbons that contain a triple bond.

Naming system for hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons are named based on the number of carbons they have and the types of bonds they contain. Here are the prefixes. If the compound contains: – 1 carbon = meth- – 2 carbons = eth- – 3 carbons = prop- – 4 carbons = but- – 5 carbons = pent- – 6 carbons = hex- – 7 carbons = hept- – 8 carbons = oct- – 9 carbons = non- – 10 carbons = dec-

The suffix depends on the types of bonds that are between the carbon atoms. If there are – Single bonds = -ane – Double bonds = -ene – Triple bonds = -yne Examples – Methane ( a hydrocarbon with 1 carbon and single bonds)

Ethane (2 carbons and only single bonds) Propane (3 carbons and only single bonds) Propene (3 carbons and a double bond)

Butane (4 carbons and only single bonds) Butyne (4 carbons and a triple bond) Pentene

Naming hydrocarbons What is the name of the following hydrocarbon? H H H H H H H – C – C – C = C – C – C – H H H H H

Isomers 2 structures that have the same number of carbons, but a different structure that gives them different properties. See isomer lab for types of isomers, structures and naming.

Functional groups Elements other than H that are attached to the carbon chain that give the molecule different properties. Methyl = CH 3 ( we have already seen these as part of a carbon chain) Alcohol – OH – Ethanol

Polymers Large chain molecules made from a smaller molecules called monomers. Monomers join together in repeating patterns. Examples – DNA – made from nucleotides that join together in a pattern to make a large molecule. Contains the genetic code. – Protein – made from amino acids that are joined together in patterns to make various proteins. Acts as enzymes and support many body functions. – Carbohydrates – made from simple sugars called monosaccharides, like glucose or fructose. Source of food energy and help provide plant structure. – Lipids – 3 fatty acids and a glycerol molecule. Soaps, waxes, oil, steroids, fat storage.

Identifying monomers What is the monomer for the following polymers? 1. H H H H H H H H H H I I I I I I I I I I - C – C – C – C – C – C – C – C – C – C I I I I I I I I I I H COOH H COONa H COOH H COONa H COOH 2. H H H H H H H H H H I I I I I I I I I I - C – C – C – C – C – C – C – C – C – C I I I I I I I I I I H COOH H COOH H COOH H COOH H COOH

“Cis” and “trans” molecules A naming system for isomers of alkanes and alkynes. We use “trans” when the branched groups are on opposite sides of the double or triple bond and “cis” when they are on the same side. trans-2-butene cis-2-butene

Cis and trans fatty acids