Mrs. MacWilliams Academic Biology

A. Carbon forms by far the greatest number of different compounds. B. Compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon are called hydrocarbons, the simplest is methane (CH 4 ).

A. C has 4 valence electrons 1. Can form 4 single covalent bonds 2. Capable of forming double and triple covalent bonds 3. Can combine with atoms of many different elements

1. Organic compounds are classified by functional group – Group of atoms that has a characteristic structure and reactivity

A. One or more -OH groups (hydroxyl) B. Name ends in –ol 1. Methanol (fuel; toxic if ingested) 2. Ethanol (some is drinkable; fuel) C. Behave similarly to water molecules D. Liquid at room temp E. Much higher boiling point than other organic molecules of the same size

A. Carbony l B. Molecule is an aldehyde if C of the carbonyl group is at the end of a carbon chain -Molecule is a ketone if Carbonyl group is within a carbon chain C. Aldehydes and ketones form some sugars D. Ketones form from fat breakdown in the body **Many people on high protein/low carb diets have an excess of ketones from fat breakdown. This is difficult for the kidneys to filter. Becomes ketoacidosis– can be fatal

A. (carboxyl) B. Oxygen double bonded to a hydroxyl group C. Carboxyl group acts as an acid and DONATES an H+ to solution D. Acetic acid  vinegar E. Make up amino acids, proteins, vitamins, fatty acids

A. -NH 2 (amino) B. Nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens C. Amino group acts as a base and ACCEPTS an H+ D. Makes up amino acids that make proteins