PRE-CONTACT AMERICA PERIOD TO 1607 AP U.S. HISTORY

THINK ABOUT IT ► Compare and contrast the development of Native civilizations based on regional environments.

BERING SEA LAND BRIDGE MIGRATION

NATIVE CULTURE AND LIFESTYLE ► Nomadic OR Sedentary –Adapted to regional environment –Agricultural influence from Olmec/Mayans –“Three Sisters” ► Politics and Economics –Tribal councils or Chiefs –Communal ownership; no sense of private property ► Language –20 different language families ► Algonquian, Siouan, Athabaskan –No written language ► Family and Gender Roles –Kinship –Mostly matrilineal –Women shared in labor except hunting ► Animism –Hunting and horticultural religions –Shaman –Spirit guide Cahokia, c CE

NATIVE LIFESTYLE AND CULTURE EASTERN WOODLANDS/NORTHEAST ► Geography  Rolling hills and dense forests ► Tribes  Wampanoag  Iroquois Confederacy ► Cayugas, Mohawks, Oneidas, Onodagas, Seneca  Powhatan ► Diet  Maize, beans, squash ► Culture  Hunter-gatherers  Warriors  Matrilineal  Longhouses  Wampum

NATIVE LIFESTYLE AND CULTURE EASTERN WOODLANDS/ MISSISSIPPIAN/SOUTHEAST ► Geography  River systems ► Tribes  Adena-Hopewell, Creek ► Diet  Maize, fish, beans, squash ► Culture  Earthwork pyramid mounds  Pottery, copper tools  Chiefdoms and trade networks  Social hierarchy and priesthood Great Serpent Mount - Ohio Kincaid - Illinois

NATIVE LIFESTYLE AND CULTURE GREAT PLAINS ► Geography –Grasslands and prairies ► Tribes –Sioux, Cheyenne, Apache ► Diet –Buffalo ► Culture –Nomadic –Tepees

NATIVE LIFESTYLE AND CULTURE SOUTHWEST ► Geography  Arid, rocky, desert ► Tribes  Anasazi, Pueblo, Hokokam ► Diet  Maize, beans, squash ► Culture  Irrigation systems  Cave and cliff dwellings

NATIVE LIFESTYLE AND CULTURE PACIFIC NORTHWEST/CALIFORNIA/ GREAT BASIN ► Geography  Cedar forests ► Tribes  Pacific Northwest: Chinook  California/Great Basin: Nez Perce ► Diet  Pacific Northwest: Fish (salmon)  California/Great Basin: Berries, nuts ► Culture  Pacific Northwest ► Plank homes ► Totem poles ► Canoes  California/Great Basin ► Nomadic hunter-gatherers Totem poles – Pacific Northwest

STIMULUS BASED QUESTIONS APUSH Exam –55 Stimulus Based Questions –55 Minutes –40% of the APUSH Exam Students analyze historical texts, interpretations, and evidence. Primary and secondary sources, images, graphs, and maps are included. The process illustrated in the map above a. triggered extensive demographic and social change. b. ended American Indian resistance. c. changed American Indian beliefs on the environment. d. led to the development of a hunter–gatherer economy.

“For I knew that they were a people who could be more easily freed and converted to our holy faith by love than by force, gave to some of them red caps, and glass beads to put round their necks, and many other things of little value, which gave them great pleasure, and made them so much our friends.…It appeared to me to be a race of people very poor in everything.…They have no iron, their darts being wands without iron, some of them having a fish’s tooth at the end….They should be good servants and intelligent, for I observed that they quickly took in what was said to them, and I believe that they would easily be made Christians as it appeared to me that they had no religion.” Christopher Columbus upon reaching the West Indies, 1492 After Columbus’s arrival in the West Indies, Spanish religion and Christian conversion were often used as a rationale to a. racially mix populations. b. trigger extensive demographic change. c. transform the diverse environment. d. justify the subjugation of American Indians.