Exercise 19 Blood Portland Community College BI 232

Blood Highly specialized connective tissue that consists of formed elements (blood cells) suspended in a fluid matrix (plasma) Formed elements comprise about 45% of total volume 2

3 Erythrocyte

4 Erythrocyte (RBC) Flattened biconcave discs that lack nuclei and most organelles. Most of the cytoplasm is filled with the protein hemoglobin Function: Transport of O 2 and CO 2

5 Iron Deficient RBC More pale and smaller

6 Sickle Cell

7 Reticulocyte Count: 1-2% of RBC RBC precursor Increased when RBC turnover is high Still contains nuclear fragments

White Blood Cells Defend the body from pathogens and foreign proteins. Capable of migrating from blood vessels to surrounding tissues by diapedesis. 8

9 Neutrophil (Granulocyte) Nuclei: 2 to 5 lobes connected by thin strands (polymorphonuclear) Fine, pale lilac practically invisible granules Lifespan of about 10 hrs

10 Neutrophil Count: % 3,000-7,000 per mm 3 Fastest response of all WBC to bacteria Functions: Phagocytic: engulf pathogens or debris in tissues

11 Eosinophil (Granulocyte) Nucleus with 2 or 3 lobes connected by a thin strand Large, uniform- sized orange-red granules

12 Eosinophil Count: 2-4% per mm 3 Functions: Phagocytic: engulf antibody-labeled materials Release cytotoxic enzymes Reduce inflammation

13 Basophil (Granulocyte) Large, dark purple, variable-sized granules Obscure the nucleus Irregular, s-shaped, bi-lobed nuclei

14 Basophil Count: <1% per mm 3 Functions: Enter damaged tissues and release histamine and other chemicals that promote inflammation

15 Monocyte (Agranulocyte) Nucleus is kidney or horse- shoe shaped Pale cytoplasm

16 Monocyte Count: 2-8% per mm 3 Functions: Enter tissues to become macrophages Engulf pathogens or debris

17 Lymphocyte (Agranulocyte) Dark, oval to round nucleus Cytoplasm sky blue in color

18 Lymphocyte Count: 20-30% 1,500-3,000 per mm 3 Functions: Mount immune response by direct attack or via antibodies, mediates other cellular immune response, Includes B and T cells

19 Platelets Fragments of a bone marrow cell called a megakaryocyte Count: ,000 per mm 3 Function: mediates blood clotting chemically and mechanically

20 Platelets Megakaryocytes Platelet

21 Hemoglobin Concentrations Normal hemoglobin concentration in females is g/deciliter. Normal hemoglobin concentration in males is g/deciliter. Hematocrit can be estimated from the hemoglobin concentration: 3x hemoglobin=hematocrit. Normal hematocrit in females is 37-48%. Normal hematocrit in men is 42-52%.

22 Gender Differences in Hb Testosterone stimulates synthesis of erythropoietin which in turn stimulates erythropoiesis (red cell formation) in the red marrow. Lower values in women of reproductive age may also reflect their red cell losses due to menstruation.

23 ABO Blood Types RBC surfaces are marked by genetically determined glycoproteins The glycoprotein determines the blood type Plasma contains isoantibodies or agglutinins to the A or B antigens not found on your blood cells

24 Type A Type A: Display only antigen A The plasma contains antibodies against Type B

25 Type B Type B: Display only antigen B The plasma contains antibodies against Type A

26 Type AB Type AB: Display both antigens A & B The plasma contains no antibodies

27 Type O Type O: Display neither antigen The plasma contains antibodies against A and B

28 Blood Transfusions Only RBC are donated. Transfusion Reactions: The recipients plasma interacts with the donors RBC Causes clumping then hemolysis

29 RH blood groups People with Rh agglutinogens on RBC surface are Rh +. Normal plasma contains no anti-Rh antibodies Antibodies develop only in Rh - blood type & only with exposure to the antigen Transfusion of positive blood During a pregnancy with a positive blood type fetus Transfusion reaction upon 2nd exposure to the antigen results in hemolysis of the RBCs in the donated blood

30 Not Possible Possible

Lab activities ID blood cells on slides can use prepared class slides or make your own. Do differential white blood cell count Determine your blood type 31

32 The End