White blood cells Platelets Red blood cells Artery

Deliver O2 Remove metabolic wastes Maintain temperature, pH, and fluid volume Protection from blood loss- platelets Prevent infection- antibodies and WBC Transport hormones

Plasma- 55% Formed elements- 45% Buffy coat- <1%

90% Water 8% Solutes: –Proteins –Gas –Electrolytes

Organic Nutrients Carbohydrates Amino Acids Lipids Vitamins Hormones Metabolic waste CO 2 Urea

Leukocytes Platelets

Types of Blood Cells Erythrocytes (red blood cells) Leukocytes (white blood cells) Platelets (thrombocytes)

Erythrocytes

Erythrocyte  7.5  m in dia  Anucleate (no nucleus)- so can't reproduce; however, reproduced in red bone marrow  Hematopoiesis- production of RBC  Function- transport respiratory gases  Hemoglobin- quaternary structure, 2  chains and 2  chains  Lack mitochondria. Why?  1 RBC contains 280 million hemoglobin molecules  Men- 5 million cells/mm 3  Women- 4.5 million cells/mm 3  Life span days and then destroyed in spleen (RBC graveyard)

Hemoglobin

Hematopoiesis Hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis): blood cell formation –Occurs in red bone marrow of axial skeleton, girdles and proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur

Blood Cell Production

Anemia- when blood has low O 2 carrying capacity; insufficient RBC or iron deficiency. Factors that can cause anemia- exercise, B12 deficiency RBC Diseases

Sickle-cell anemia- HbS results from a change in just one of the 287 amino acids in the  chain in the globin molecule. Found in 1 out of 400 African Americans. Homozygous for sickle-cell is deadly, but in malaria infested countries, the heterozygous condition is beneficial. RBC Diseases

Genetics of Sickle Cell Anemia

Polycythemia- excess of erythrocytes,  viscosity of blood; 8-11 million cells/mm 3 Usually caused by cancer; however, naturally occurs at high elevations Blood doping- in athletes  remove blood 2 days before event and then replace it- banned by Olympics. RBC Diseases

Granulocytes Neutrophils % Eosinophils- 1-4% Basophils- <1% Agranulocytes Monocytes- 4-8% Lymphocytes % 4,000-11,000 cells/mm 3

Basophil Eosinophil Neutrophil Lymphocyte Monocyte platelet

ID WBC’s

Leukopenia Abnormally low WBC count—drug induced Leukemias Cancerous conditions involving WBCs Named according to the abnormal WBC clone involved Mononucleosis highly contagious viral disease caused by Epstein-Barr virus; excessive # of agranulocytes; fatigue, sore throat, recover in a few weeks

Platelets Small fragments of megakaryocytes Formation is regulated by thrombopoietin Blue-staining outer region, purple granules Granules contain serotonin, Ca 2+, enzymes, ADP, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

Hemostasis- stoppage of bleeding Tissue Damage Platelet Plug Clotting Factors Platelets: 250, ,000 cells/mm 3

Hemostasis: 4. Coagulation 1.Vessel injury 2. Vascular spasm 3. Platelet plug formation

Hemostasis (+ feedback) ProthrombinThrombin FibrinogenFibrin Clotting Factors thromboplastin Traps RBC & platelets Platelets release thromboplastin

Blood Clot Fibrin thread Platelet RBC

Thromboembolytic Conditions Thrombus: clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel –May block circulation, leading to tissue death Embolus: a thrombus freely floating in the blood stream –Pulmonary emboli impair the ability of the body to obtain oxygen –Cerebral emboli can cause strokes

Thromboembolytic Conditions Prevented by –Aspirin Antiprostaglandin that inhibits thromboxane A2 –Heparin Anticoagulant used clinically for pre- and postoperative cardiac care –Warfarin Used for those prone to atrial fibrillation

Hemophilias include several similar hereditary bleeding disorders Symptoms include prolonged bleeding, especially into joint cavities Treated with plasma transfusions and injection of missing factors

Hemophiliac- a sex-linked recessive trait, primarily carried by males (x chromosome)

Type A Type B Type AB Type O

Blood type is based on the presence of 2 major antigens in RBC membranes-- A and B Blood typeAntigenAntibody A A anti-B B B anti-A A & B AB no anti body Neither A or B Oanti-A and anti-B Antigen- protein on the surface of a RBC membrane Antibody- proteins made by lymphocytes in plasma which are made in response to the presence of antigens. They attack foreign antigens, which result in clumping (agglutination)

Type A bbbbbbb

Type B aaaaaaa

Type O aaabaaabbb

Type AB

Rh Factor and Pregnancy RH- indicates no protein RH+ indicates protein

Rh Factor and Pregnancy Rh + mother w/Rh - baby– no problem Rh - mother w/Rh + baby– problem Rh - mother w/Rh - father– no problem Rh - mother w/Rh - baby-- no problem RhoGAM 28 weeks

Type AB- universal recipients Type O- universal donor Rh factor: Rh+ 85% dominant in pop Rh- 15% recessive Blood TypeClumpingAntibody Aantigen Aanti-A serumantibody anti-b Bantigen Banti-B serumantibody anti-a ABantigen A & Banti A & B serum - Oneither A or Bno clumping w/ either anti A or B anti-a, anti-b

Figure Serum Anti-A RBCs Anti-B Type AB (contains agglutinogens A and B; agglutinates with both sera) Blood being tested Type A (contains agglutinogen A; agglutinates with anti-A) Type B (contains agglutinogen B; agglutinates with anti-B) Type O (contains no agglutinogens; does not agglutinate with either serum)

Blood Type & RhHow Many Have ItFrequency ORh Positive1 person in 337.4% ORh Negative1 person in 156.6% ARh Positive1 person in 335.7% ARh Negative1 person in 166.3% BRh Positive1 person in 128.5% BRh Negative1 person in 671.5% ABRh Positive1 person in 293.4% ABRh Negative1 person in 167.6%

ABO Blood Types PhenotypeGenotype Oi i AI A I A or I A i BI B I B or I B i ABI A I B

Type A and Type B cross IAIA IAIA IBIB i IAiIAi IAIBIAIB IAIBIAIB IAiIAi Punnett square

INQUIRY 1.What is an erythrocyte, leukocyte, and thrombocyte? 2.What 2 things do red cells lack compared to white cells? 3.What dietary component is needed for the production of red blood cells? 4.The largest cells in the blood that leave the bloodstream to become macrophages are ____. 5.In an acute infection, the white cell count would show as ______. 6.Erythroblastosis fetalis, also known as hemolytic newborn disease, occurs in ____ mothers carrying ____ fetuses. 7.What antigens and antibodies found on AB red cells? 8.In a transfusion, what type blood can you give a type O person?