Chapter 2 Part 2 Pages 34 – 42

Chemical Compounds of the Cell Inorganic compounds – these compounds do not contain chains of carbons Inorganic compounds – these compounds do not contain chains of carbons Organic compounds – these compounds do contain chains of carbon Organic compounds – these compounds do contain chains of carbon

Inorganic Compounds 4 types of inorganic compounds – these are held together by ionic bonds 4 types of inorganic compounds – these are held together by ionic bonds 1.Water 1.Water 2.Salts 2.Salts 3.Acids 3.Acids 4.Bases 4.Bases

1. Water – 70% of Total Body Mass A. Universal solvent A. Universal solvent *has capability to dissolve more types of solutes than any other solvent. *has capability to dissolve more types of solutes than any other solvent. B. Transport medium *small size of water molecule allows tiny solutes like sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) to travel through body easily  plasma is made up of 90% water. Transports sugars, vitamins, and oxygen between blood stream and body cells.

Water C. High heat capacity  absorbs and releases heat slowly D. Effective lubricant  cavities around heart and lungs and abdominal organs  joints between bones  easy passage of food through digestive tract

2. Salts * Ionizes when in water * Ionizes when in water *These ions are able to conduct an electric current so they are called electrolytes *These ions are able to conduct an electric current so they are called electrolytes *Examples of electrolytes *Na +, Cl -, K +, Ca ++, Mg ++, Po 4 -3, Co 3 –2 (carbonate), HCo 3 -1 (bicarbonate)

3. Acids *Molecules which release 1 or more H + ions when it ionizes in water. *Molecules which release 1 or more H + ions when it ionizes in water. *Strong acids ionize completely and release more H + *Strong acids ionize completely and release more H +

4. Bases  Molecules which reduce concentration of H + ions in solution.

Dissociation of Water *The breakdown of a water molecule *The breakdown of a water molecule *H 2 O  H + + OH - (hydroxide ion) *H 2 O  H + + OH - (hydroxide ion) *H + + H 2 O  H 3 O + (hydronium ion) *H + + H 2 O  H 3 O + (hydronium ion) * If number of hydroxide ions is greater than the number of hydronium ions then the solution is basic (alkaline). * If number of hydronium ions is greater than the number of hydroxide ions then the solution is acidic. *If the number of hydroxide ions is equal to the number of hydronium ions then the solution is neutral.

Dissociation of Water The human body requires these to survive, but if the ionization occurs too much, this could be dangerous to the body. So the body has buffers (chemical substances) to react with strong acids and bases to weaken them and not harm the body. The human body requires these to survive, but if the ionization occurs too much, this could be dangerous to the body. So the body has buffers (chemical substances) to react with strong acids and bases to weaken them and not harm the body.

The Ph Scale  A table which measures the number of hydrogen atoms released in a solution (more acidic) (neutral) (more alkaline) (more acidic) (neutral) (more alkaline) (more H ions) (more OH - ions) (more H ions) (more OH - ions) stomach acid urine intestinal fluid lemon juice distilled water ammonia hydrochloric acid milk of magnesia stomach acid urine intestinal fluid lemon juice distilled water ammonia hydrochloric acid milk of magnesia

pH A pH of 4 has 10X more H ions than pH of 5 and 100X more H 3 O + ions than a pH of 6. (Etc.) A pH of 4 has 10X more H ions than pH of 5 and 100X more H 3 O + ions than a pH of 6. (Etc.) NaCl  Na + + Cl - (salt) NaCl  Na + + Cl - (salt) HCl  H + + Cl - (acid) HCl  H + + Cl - (acid) NaOH  Na + + OH - (base) NaOH  Na + + OH - (base)

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Organic Compounds Organic Compounds Organic compounds are the building blocks of most living structures and control most functions. They contain 1 or more carbon atoms. This is good because of its electron arrangement which allows it to easily bond with other carbon atoms and also atoms of oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorous. Organic compounds are the building blocks of most living structures and control most functions. They contain 1 or more carbon atoms. This is good because of its electron arrangement which allows it to easily bond with other carbon atoms and also atoms of oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorous.

4 Basic Organic Compounds in the Body 1. Carbohydrates 1. Carbohydrates  2:1 ratio of H to O 2. Lipids 2. Lipids  contains less oxygen than what carbohydrates do 3. Proteins 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids 4. Nucleic acids

1. Carbohydrates  2% of body cell mass  Sugars and starches  glucose C 6 H 12 O 6  sucrose C 12 H 22 O 11 (table sugar) *provide body with easy source of energy *provide body with easy source of energy *combine with other molecules for body structure *combine with other molecules for body structure

3 Types of Carbohydrates A.MonosaccharidesB.DisaccharidesC.Polysaccharides

A. Monosaccharides *Main building block of carbohydrates *Main building block of carbohydrates   simple sugars  3 – 7 C atoms, form building block for larger carbohydrates  glucose (preferred by cell), fructose, and galactose

Glucose C atomic number 6 C atomic number 6 H atomic number 1 H atomic number 1 O atomic number 8 O atomic number 8 Straight chain vs. ring structure (more stable) Straight chain vs. ring structure (more stable) Blood Sugar Blood Sugar

B. Disaccharides B. Disaccharides  2 monosaccharides joined together  A water molecule is removed when bond is formed (this is called a dehydration reaction or condensation reaction) *Important in body *Important in body C 6 H 12 O 6 + C 6 H 12 O 6  H C 12 H 22 O 11 Glucose and glucose yield maltose (malt sugar) Glucose and fructose (fruit pie) yield sucrose (table sugar) Glucose and galactose yield lactose (in milk)

C. Polysaccharides  long chain of simple sugars used by body to store energy  starch is 1 type (chain of glucoses)  glycogen is another type (also glucose chain) *stored in muscle cells and liver cells *stored in muscle cells and liver cells

2. Lipids  Do not dissolve in water  Do dissolve in organic substances like alcohol, chloroform, and ether Vital to body structure and function Vital to body structure and function 3 types of lipids: A. Fats B. Phospholipids C. Steroids (cholesterol)

A.Fats  Known as Triglycerides  Large molecules Building blocks are 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol (3:1 ratio) Building blocks are 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol (3:1 ratio)

Fats  Body must break down first before use as glycerol and fatty acid (most concentrated form of energy for body) Exist as solid or liquid (room Temp.) Exist as solid or liquid (room Temp.)

Fats  Saturated fats *long fatty acid chain, only has single bonds between carbon atoms. Solid at room temp. Found in animal products (butter, meat fat) - worst for cholesterol. *long fatty acid chain, only has single bonds between carbon atoms. Solid at room temp. Found in animal products (butter, meat fat) - worst for cholesterol.

Saturated Fat

Fats  Unsaturated fats *short fatty acid chain which has 1 or more double carbon bonds. Found in plants. Liquid at room temp. Common in cooking oils (olive, peanut, safflower, corn). *short fatty acid chain which has 1 or more double carbon bonds. Found in plants. Liquid at room temp. Common in cooking oils (olive, peanut, safflower, corn).

Unsaturated Fats

B. Phospholipids  Similar to fats structurally but have only 2 fatty acid chains and 1 phosphorous containing group which replaces the third fatty acid Important structural component of cell membranes Important structural component of cell membranes

C. Steroids C. Steroids  Ring structures *cholesterol (most important in body) is one example *synthesized in liver. Also obtained from eggs, meat and cheeses. Also, gallstones form from cholesterol  Required for cell membrane structure, vitamin D synthesis, and production of steroid hormones. *Hormones are chemicals which alter cell activity in order to maintain homeostasis. Can move through cell membranes easily. Part of endocrine system. Cortisol is an example.

Steroids

3. Proteins  10% - 30% of total cell mass  basic structural material for body and used in body function made of C, H, O, and N with a little P and S made of C, H, O, and N with a little P and S

Proteins   mino acids are building blocks of proteins *20 types of amino acids. Bind with each other and form long chains *20 types of amino acids. Bind with each other and form long chains *when one amino acid binds with another amino acid, the covalent bond is known as a peptide bond. *when one amino acid binds with another amino acid, the covalent bond is known as a peptide bond. More than 10 amino acids but under 50 is called a polypeptide More than 50 amino acids is called a protein Largest protein contains about 50,000 amino acids Each protein molecule has a specific sequence of amino acids which determines the 3-D structure and what its function is.

Proteins Structural protein vs. Functional protein Structural protein vs. Functional protein  Structural proteins are stable, functional proteins are not Structural proteins reinforce bones, anchors body organs, and found in cell membranes. An example is collagen. Structural proteins reinforce bones, anchors body organs, and found in cell membranes. An example is collagen.

Proteins Functional proteins are enzymes which act as catalysts for body activities. They (the protein) do not undergo any change themselves. Other examples are antibodies (for immunity) and protein hormones (for growth and development). Functional proteins are enzymes which act as catalysts for body activities. They (the protein) do not undergo any change themselves. Other examples are antibodies (for immunity) and protein hormones (for growth and development). Also easily altered by heat, radiation, electricity and chemicals.

Proteins *Peptide bonds broken so 3-D structure is changed and ability of protein to carry out its normal function is changed (called denaturation). *An example is hemoglobin. This is a functional protein in the red blood cell of blood which transports CO 2 and O 2. If exposed to temperatures over 105 degrees or a change in blood pH (normal blood pH is 7.5), the active site can no longer carry O2

4. Nucleic acids  Extremely large molecules  Holds information to determine structure and function of cell Contains C, H, O, N, and P. Contains C, H, O, N, and P.  Nucleotides are the building blocks *Atoms are arranged 3 ways 1. 5-carbon sugar 2. phosphate group (PO 4 -2 ) 3. nitrogenous base Nucleotides form helical chain or linear chains

3 Types of Nucleic Acids 1. DNA deoxyribonucleic acid 1. DNA deoxyribonucleic acid 2. RNA ribonucleic acid 2. RNA ribonucleic acid 3. ATP adenosine triphosphate 3. ATP adenosine triphosphate

1. DNA  located in nucleus of cell  contains hereditary information (genes)  determines structural composition of proteins contains 5-carbon sugar deoxyribose contains 5-carbon sugar deoxyribose  contains 4 nitrogen bases *adenine *thymine *cytosine *guanine  contains 1 phosphate group (PO 4 -2 )

2. DNA  M ade up of 2 strands that are twisted in a double helix which is stabilized by H- bonds between base pairs. * Base pairs are: *A with T *C with G

RNA  Contains 5-carbon sugar ribose  Contains 4 nitrogen bases, however uracil replaces thymine. Made up of a single strand Made up of a single strand

DNA vs. RNA DNA RNA DNA RNA 1. Deoxyribose sugar Ribose sugar 2. Thymine Uracil replaces thymine 3. Double helix Straight chain

3. ATP  Contains a 5-carbon ribose sugar  Contains 3 phosphate groups (PO 4 -2 ).  A nucleotide found in all living organisms  Captures energy within its bonds and stores it This energy is easily retrieved by body This energy is easily retrieved by body

ATP  Similar to structure of RNA but has 2 additional phosphate groups with ribose sugar The 3 phosphate groups are attached by high energy chemical bonds called phosphate bonds. When these bonds are broken, energy is released that can be immediately used by the cell. The 3 phosphate groups are attached by high energy chemical bonds called phosphate bonds. When these bonds are broken, energy is released that can be immediately used by the cell. *ATP  ADP + PO E  Note both directions. Can form ATP for energy storage or ADP to get the energy. Cellular respiration is the breakdown of the glucose molecule. This Energy drives the above reaction.

Review of all 4 Organic Compounds in the Cell Review of all 4 Organic Compounds in the Cell Compound elements building blocks Carbohydrates C,H,O simple sugars Fats (Lipids) C,H,O 3fatty acids and glycerol ProteinsC,H,O,N,S,P amino acids Nucleic AcidsC,H,O,N,Pnucleotides

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