1 Organic Compounds CompoundsCARBON organicCompounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromoleculesorganic moleculesMacromolecules are large organic molecules. copyright cmassengale

2 Carbon (C) Carbon4 electronsCarbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. C, H, O or N Usually bonds with C, H, O or N. Example:CH 4 (methane)Example:CH 4 (methane) copyright cmassengale

3 Macromolecules Large organic molecules.Large organic molecules. POLYMERSAlso called POLYMERS. MONOMERSMade up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. Examples:Examples: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) copyright cmassengale

4 Question: How Are Macromolecules Formed? copyright cmassengale

5 Answer: Dehydration Synthesis “condensation reaction”Also called “condensation reaction” polymers monomers“removing water”Forms polymers by combining monomers by “removing water”. HOH HH H2OH2O copyright cmassengale

6 Question: How are Macromolecules separated or digested? copyright cmassengale

7 Answer: Hydrolysis monomers“adding water”Separates monomers by “adding water” HO HH H H2OH2O copyright cmassengale

8 Carbohydrates

9 I. Carbohydrates Small sugar moleculeslarge sugar moleculesSmall sugar molecules to large sugar molecules. Examples:Examples: A.monosaccharide B.disaccharide C.polysaccharide copyright cmassengale

10 Carbohydrates Monosaccharide: one sugar unit Examples:glucose ( Examples:glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 )deoxyriboseriboseFructoseGalactose glucose copyright cmassengale

11 Carbohydrates Disaccharide: two sugar unit Examples: –Sucrose (glucose+fructose) –Lactose (glucose+galactose) –Maltose (glucose+glucose) glucoseglucose copyright cmassengale

12 Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: many sugar units Examples:starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (beef muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn) glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose cellulose copyright cmassengale

13 II. Lipids not soluble in waterGeneral term for compounds which are not soluble in water. are soluble in hydrophobic solventsLipids are soluble in hydrophobic solvents. Remember:“stores the most energy”Remember: “stores the most energy” Examples:1. FatsExamples:1. Fats 2. Phospholipids 3. Oils 4. Waxes 5. Steroid hormones 6. Triglycerides

14 Lipids Six functions of lipids: 1.Long term energy storage 2.Protection against heat loss (insulation) 3.Protection against physical shock 4.Protection against water loss 5.Chemical messengers (hormones) 6.Major component of membranes (phospholipids) copyright cmassengale

15 Fatty Acids fatty acids There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see these on food labels: 1.Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) 2.Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = saturated O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 - CH 3 = unsaturated copyright cmassengale

16 Lipids Triglycerides: c1 glycerol3 fatty acids Triglycerides: composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. H H-C----O H glycerol O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = fatty acids O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = copyright cmassengale

Steroid copyright cmassengale17 Steroids are always four fused rings. Cholesterol is the precursor for all steroid hormones. Testosterone Estrogen

18 III. Proteins peptide bonds polypeptidesAmino acids (20 different kinds of aa) bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides). Essential and non-essential Six functions of proteins:Six functions of proteins: 1.Storage:albumin (egg white) 2.Transport: hemoglobin 3.Regulatory:hormones 4.Movement:muscles 5.Structural:membranes, hair, nails 6.Enzymes:cellular reactions copyright cmassengale

19 Proteins (Polypeptides) Four levels of protein structure: A.Primary Structure B.Secondary Structure C.Tertiary Structure D.Quaternary Structure copyright cmassengale

20 Primary Structure peptide bonds (straight chains) Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains) aa1aa2aa3aa4aa5aa6 Peptide Bonds Amino Acids (aa) copyright cmassengale

Amino acids –Are organic molecules possessing both carboxyl and amino groups –Differ in their properties due to differing side chains, called R groups

Twenty Amino Acids 20 different amino acids make up proteins O O–O– H H3N+H3N+ C C O O–O– H CH 3 H3N+H3N+ C H C O O–O– C C O O–O– H H3N+H3N+ CH CH 3 CH 2 C H H3N+H3N+ CH 3 CH 2 CH C H H3N+H3N+ C CH 3 CH 2 C H3N+H3N+ H C O O–O– C H3N+H3N+ H C O O–O– NH H C O O–O– H3N+H3N+ C CH 2 H2CH2C H2NH2N C H C Nonpolar Glycine (Gly) Alanine (Ala) Valine (Val)Leucine (Leu)Isoleucine (Ile) Methionine (Met) Phenylalanine (Phe) C O O–O– Tryptophan (Trp) Proline (Pro) H3CH3C Figure 5.17 S O O–O–

24 Secondary Structure primary structurecoilspleats hydrogen bonds3-dimensional folding arrangement of a primary structure into coils and pleats held together by hydrogen bonds. Two examples:Two examples: Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet Hydrogen Bonds copyright cmassengale

25 Tertiary Structure Secondary structuresbentfolded more complex 3-D arrangementSecondary structures bent and folded into a more complex 3-D arrangement of linked polypeptides Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S)Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S) “subunit”.Call a “subunit”. Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet copyright cmassengale

26

27 Quaternary Structure Composed of 2 or more “subunits” Globular in shape Form in Aqueous environments enzymes (hemoglobin)Example: enzymes (hemoglobin) subunits copyright cmassengale

Proteins must be in a certain shape to function. If you take it out of its shape, you have denatured it and it can not longer work. Heat and pH can denature a protein. Proteins often change colors when they are denatured. Cooking egg white is an example.

Denaturation is when a protein unravels and loses its native conformation (shape) Denaturation Renaturation Denatured proteinNormal protein Figure 5.22

Review of Protein Structure + H 3 N Amino end Amino acid subunits  helix

31 IV. Nucleic acids Two types:Two types: a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA- double helix) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) Nucleic acids nucleotides dehydration synthesisNucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides linked by dehydration synthesis. copyright cmassengale

32 Nucleic acids Nucleotides include:Nucleotides include: phosphate group pentose sugar (5-carbon) nitrogenous bases: adenine (A) thymine (T) DNA only uracil (U) RNA only cytosine (C) guanine (G) copyright cmassengale

33 Nucleotide O O=P-O OPhosphate Group Group N Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) (A, G, C, or T) CH2 O C1C1 C4C4 C3C3 C2C2 5 Sugar Sugar(deoxyribose) copyright cmassengale

Nucleotides are bonded to each other by the process of dehydration synthesis, forming phosphodiester bonds. The arrows in the next slide are pointing to these bonds. copyright cmassengale34

35 DNA - double helix P P P O O O P P P O O O G C TA copyright cmassengale

36copyright cmassengale