PARAPHRASING Techniques Tactics torewrite something in adifferent way

 To paraphrase is to say the same thing in another way, using your own words.  We can successfully paraphrase by using a combination of techniques.

WHAT IS A PARAPHRASE? WHAT IS A PARAPHRASE? DEFINITION: Paraphrasing is when we borrow ideas, language, or phrases from another person’s text; we write these using our own language and sentence patterns.

Paraphrasing Techniques 1. Change from a Clause to a Phrase (or vice versa) 2. Change from Quoted Speech to Indirect Speech (or vice versa) 3. Change from Active Voice to Passive Voice (or vice versa) 4. Change to Synonyms 5. Change Word Forms

Change from a Clause to a Phrase After he studied, John took a nap. After studying, John took a nap.  The house across the street is new.  The house that is across the street is new.

I am ready for lunch.” “I am ready for lunch.” Change from Quoted Speech to Indirect Speech Mr. Lee said, “I am ready for lunch.” Mr. Lee said he was ready for lunch.

Change from Active Voice to Passive Voice A hotel employee will carry your bags. A hotel employee will carry your bags. Your bags will be carried by a hotel employee. Your bags will be carried by a hotel employee.

……and replace words with synonyms. A hotel employee will carry your bags. Your bags will be carried by a hotel employee.  Your luggage will be picked up by a bell boy.

 Use an adverb instead of an adjective  Use a verb to replace a noun.  GROG is an accurate typist.  GROG types accurately.

 Replace the original words with words that mean the same. The stallion was content with the mare. The stallion was happy with the mare.

 Replace the original word with a definition.  The stallion was content with the mare.  The male horse was happy with the female horse.

Combine Techniques Change to a phrase & add synonyms or definitions After he ate lunch, Mike took a nap. After he ate lunch, Mike took a nap. After eating lunch, Mike slept a little. After eating lunch, Mike slept a little.

Combine Techniques Change to a phrase & add synonyms or definitions The house that is across the street is old. The house across the street is old. The house on the other side of the street is old. The dwelling on the other side of the road is ancient.

Interpret Meaning…….Identify the underlying meaning of a statement. The wolf said, “I am ready for lunch.” I am ready for Lunch The wolf complained about being hungry which made the sheep extremely anxious. The sheep looked very worried.

Change transitions Although it was raining, Bob walked to work. Although it was raining, Bob walked to work. It was raining, but Bob walked to work. It was raining, but Bob walked to work. It was raining; however, Bob walked to work. It was raining; however, Bob walked to work.

…… and change word forms Although it was raining, Bob walked to work. Although it was raining, Bob walked to work. It was raining, but Bob walked to work. It was raining, but Bob walked to work. It was raining; however, Bob walked to work. It was raining; however, Bob walked to work.  Despite the rain, Bob went to work on foot.

Below is a passage taken from Raymond S. Nickerson's "How We Know-and Sometimes Misjudge-What Others Know: Imputing One's Own Knowledge to Others." Psychological Bulletin (1999): p737. (Original text) In order to communicate effectively with other people, one must have a reasonably accurate idea of what they do and do not know that is pertinent to the communication. Treating people as though they have knowledge that they do not have can result in miscommunication and perhaps embarrassment. On the other hand, a fundamental rule of conversation, at least according to a Gricean view, is that one generally does not convey to others information that one can assume they already have.

Here is an example that is considered acceptable paraphrasing of this passage: Nickerson (1999) suggests that effective communication depends on a generally accurate knowledge of what the audience knows. If a speaker assumes too much knowledge about the subject, the audience will either misunderstand or be bewildered; however, assuming too little knowledge among those in the audience may cause them to feel patronized (p.737).

Exercise for E-learning Paraphrase a part of an article from magazine that will be given to you in the next slides. There will be no limitation of pages or words or paragraphs as long as you keep the information of the article. (Please be aware of the information transfer) Submit it through It is due to on Monday, April 6 th, 2015 at 6 PM

Part of an article The Koala Bear The koala bear of Australia is a living “Teddy Bear.” Its thick coat of gray fur is just as soft as the beloved toy. The koala has a large head, big ears and small, dark eyes that look at you without expression. Its nose, as black as patent leather, seems too big for the rest of its face. koala is a gentle little animal. It is almost defenseless. Only its color protects it from enemies. The koala makes no nest. It just sits in the forked branches of a tree. Unlike a bird, it cannot balance itself with its tail—because it has no tail. It likes gum trees the best because it loves entirely on the leaves of the tree. Sometimes the supply of its special diet is used up. The koala, rather than seek food elsewhere, will stay in its own area and starve to death.