© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Founding the Colonies

© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 1)How and why was the English attempt at colonization in North America different from other countries and other colonies? 2)Which were the early colonies in North America? 3)What were the early reforms? 4)Why would someone immigrate to the New World? What were the economic arrangements that allowed for immigration? 5)Why were farms usually larger in the Southern colonies? 6)What were the major economic incentives that caused North America to develop differently than other colonies?

© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Factors of commercial growth in Europe: 1)Greater security of persons and property 2)Rapid increase in population

© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use Victor Mirabeau coined phrase “mercantilism” Political economy of the era Philipp Wilhelm von Hornick published “mercantilist manifesto” in 1684: 1)Every inch of a country’s soil should be utilized for agriculture, mining, or manufacturing 2)All raw materials found in a country should be used in domestic manufacture, since finished goods have a higher value than raw materials

© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 3)Encourage a large, working population 4)All export of gold and silver should be prohibited and all domestic money should be kept in circulation 5)All imports should be discouraged 6)Where certain imports are indispensible they should be obtained at first hand; that is, exchanged for other goods instead of gold and silver

© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 7)As much as possible, imports should be confined to raw materials that can be finished at home 8)Opportunities should be constantly sought for selling a country’s surplus manufacturers to foreigners for gold and silver 9)No imports should be allowed for goods that can be sufficiently and suitably made at home

© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Why were the English so successful, given that they were “latecomers” to long-distance exploration? Primary reason- permanent colonization and settlement If permanent colonization was the goal, the major obstacle was to move people to the colonies Labor shortage would prove to be a persistent problem

© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. First Englishmen to take serious ventures: Humphrey Gilbert & Walter Raleigh Gilbert died after two attempts Raleigh’s first attempt on Roanoke failed His second attempt with John White failed as the “lost colony” in 1590

© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 1607: two new colonies Sagadahoc (Maine) Jamestown (Virginia)

© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Jamestown: people, 67 died in the first year new people people remained 1607 to ,000 immigrants, 4,000 died, life expectancy = 2 years Colonies were financial and human disasters

© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. What was different about North America that made the English change their approach? 1)No gold or silver 2)No natives to trade with The result? Reliance on cash crops

© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Major reform was property rights Landholdings changed from common rights to private rights

© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Jamestown property rights changes: 1)Early settlers were given “planter shares” 2)Later settlers were given garden plots of their own 3)Management became more local See Boaz (2007) “Private Property Saved Jamestown”

© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. For Mayflower details, please see 1)MayflowerHistory.com-Mayflower compact 2)Bradford-Of Plymouth Plantation

© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Indenture contract: Allowed a person to pay for their passage by selling their labor to someone for a specified future period of time See Galenson (1984) “The Rise and Fall of Indentured Servitude in the Americas: An Economic Analysis”

© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. (continued)

© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

Permanent settlements- early emphasis on farming Labor shortage- strong incentive to increase labor productivity, and freedom of labor market (indentured servants usually left first jobs)