CHAPTER 11 Section 1

Problems in the New Republic Mexican Govt. refuses to acknowledge TX independence (Still argued with Mexico) Financial problems (Debt from TX Revolution) Native Texans resented growing population of settlers (war) Annexation to U.S.(stable Govt.)

CABINET A council that advise a chief executive Stephen F. Austin- Secretary of State Henry Smith- Secretary of Treasury Thomas J. Rusk- Secretary of War

R.I.P. Stephen F. Austin Died Dec.27 th, years old Texas’s First Empresario to settle 300 families Raised troops and money for Revolution 30 day period of mourning

A NEW CAPITAL Original capital in Columbia James and Augustus Allen agreed to build the buildings for the Texas government in the city of Harrisburg renamed after Sam Houston. Complaints about heat humidity diseases and size of mosquitoes City of Houston remains capital throughout term

First Attempt at Annexation Annexation of Texas to United States made sense Most Texans wanted it to happen Most had similar language and customs Ideas about law and government were comparable to U.S. Annexation of Texas allowed for “Manifest Destiny” Texas was NOT admitted for 10years because of…. DEBT & SLAVERY

FINANCIAL WOES Texas’ Debt 1 Million Houston attempts to minimize spending Texas’ Congress issues 600,000 promissory notes “Star Money”

Trouble in the Army Tensions between Texas and Mexico. Texas wanted war. Houston wanted Johnston to take control of Army. Huston challenged him to a duel. Johnston lost. Houston sent most of the army on leave forever, so the government didn’t have to pay them.

Houston’s Native Texas Policy Tensions with Native Americans Congress refused to ratify Cherokee treaty. Cherokees conducted raids. Texas Rangers were enlisted to control raids and warn settlers

Republic of Texas’ Presidents Sam Houston Terms: , Policies: Limited government spending, established peaceful relations with Mexico and Native Americans, encouraged annexation. Houston Lamar Jones Limited government spending, wanted peace with Native Americans & Mexico President of the Texas Republic

The Election of 1838 President limited to two year term, and couldn’t be elected two times in a row. Mirabeau B. Lamar won presidency because he offered a popular new vision of Texas.

Lamar’s Plan for the Republic Lamar was elected for the 2 nd presidency on Lamar was ready for conflict with Mexico. Lamar wanted to clear out the Native Americans in Texas. He wanted Texas to remain independent and expand its territory. He spent large sums of money on military expeditions.

Clashes with Native Texans Lamar forced Chief Bowles and the Cherokees out of Texas into present- day Oklahoma. Comanches and Texans tried to negotiate peace. Comanches were supposed to bring their captives, but only brought forth Matilda Lockhart. The Texans were outraged and refused to let the Comanche leaders go and attacked them. This is known as the Council House Fight. The Comanches killed the remaining prisoners and raided towns. The Battle of Plum creek occurred soon afterward.

Relations with Mexico Lamar thought that the Rio Grande boundary meant all of the Rio Grande, into Colorado. Lamar sent an expedition to Santa Fe, which failed. This increases tensions with Mexico.

A New Capital Texans thought the capital should be more centrally located. The new capital was 100 miles north of San Antonio, near a small community named Waterloo. He named the capital Austin in honor of Stephen F. Austin.

Education Lamar is best known for contributing to public education. Congress set aside 18,000 acres of land in each county for public schools and 220,000 acres for two universities. Lamar is know as the “Father of Education in Texas” for his educational vision.

Financial Difficulties “Redbacks”, named after the color of the ink on the reverse side, became more commonly used and went down in value during Lamar’s presidency. The Texas dollar was worth 12 U.S. cents. The public debt increased to $7 million.

Land Policy A league and a labor (4,605 acres) was guaranteed to ever family already living in Texas. 640 acres and an additional 320 acres for 3 months service in the army to each family that immigrated. The government gave away 37 million acres of land. The population in Texas increased from 34,500 when the Republic was formed to 100,000 by the end of the Republic.

Republic of Texas’ Presidents Sam Houston Terms: , Policies: Limited government spending, established peaceful relations with Mexico and Native Americans, encouraged annexation. Mirabeau B. Lamar Terms: Policies: Used military force against Mexico and Native Americans, wanted Texas to remain independent, promoted education in Texas. Houston Lamar Jones Limited government spending, wanted peace with Native Americans & Mexico Used force against Native Americans & Mexico wanted to remain an independent country President of the Texas Republic

Chapter 11 Section 3

Sam Houston as President Again Houston won, defeating Burnet Burleson became vice president Houston still wanted to prevent war with Mexico, spend little money, and join the U.S.

A Return to Houston’s Policy Spent less than $600,000 in Houston’s 3-year term Accomplished this by reducing the army and eliminating the Texas navy

The Mier Expedition Conflicts rose with Mexico Woll captured San Antonio and retreated with 67 hostages March 5, soldiers took control of San Antonio Two days later- Rafael Vasquez returned to Mexico Sep. 11, Gen. Woll led 1,400 Mexicans into Texas Fisher was elected to replace Somervell as leader of militia. The group went into Mexico to Mier where the group was captured Santa Anna ordered every 10 prisoners to be put to death; the others were put to death Each prisoner selected a bean. If the bean was black, they were shot. If the bean was white, they’d be imprisoned for life.

The Archives War Houston opposed Austin. He said it was an easy target for raids. Offices were opened in Washington-on-the- Brazos but the archives stayed in Austin. The people of Austin refused to let the archives be taken out of the city. Angelina Eberly set off a cannon to warn the citizens that the archives were being taken. The archives stayed in Austin.

Regulator-Moderator War Regulators wanted to end lawlessness. Their “regulating” was sometimes as violent as the activities of the criminals. Moderators wanted to stop the excessive use of force. 600 troops were sent to end the violence.

Houston’s Efforts to Gain Annexation Houston tried once again to offer Texas to join the Union. The treaty, which promised Texas as a territory of the U.S., was rejected.

The Elections of 1844 Dr. Anson Jones was elected as president. Annexation was a key factor during the U.S. election. Polk won the election in the U.S. because he supported the annexation of Texas

Texas Becomes a State The U.S. Congress approved a joint resolution on Feb. 26, Texas became the 28 th state of the U.S.

Republic of Texas’ Presidents Sam Houston Terms: , Policies: Limited government spending, established peaceful relations with Mexico and Native Americans, encouraged annexation. Mirabeau B. Lamar Terms: Policies: Used military force against Mexico and Native Americans, wanted Texas to remain independent, promoted education in Texas. Anson Jones Terms: Policies: Supported annexation. Houston Lamar Jones Limited government spending, wanted peace with Native Americans & Mexico Used force against Native Americans & Mexico wanted to remain an independent country President of the Texas Republic Wanted annexation