American Stories THIRD EDITION By: Brands By: Brands Chapter 13 An Age of Expansionism 1830 ‒ 1861

An Age of Expansionism, 1830 ‒ 1861 Texas, Manifest Destiny, and the Mexican ‒ American War Why did the United States annex Texas and the Southwest? Internal Expansionism and the Industrial Revolution How did developments in transportation foster industrialization and encourage immigration?

Video Series: Key Topics in U.S. History 1.Manifest Destiny Marches West: 1832 ‒ War with Mexico 3.Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 4.Industrial Expansionism Home

The Spirit of Young America Young America Used to describe new era Emerson one of first to use phrase New generation of commercial development, technological progress, and territorial expansion Writers called for distinctive literature Literary World Walt Whitman Herman Melville Home

Texas, Manifest Destiny, and the Mexican ‒ American War The Texas Revolution The Republic of Texas The Annexation of Texas The Doctrine of Manifest Destiny War with Mexico Settlement of the Mexican ‒ American War Home

Texas, Manifest Destiny, and the Mexican ‒ American War Widespread call for annexation of newly settled lands Manifest Destiny Diplomatic confrontations over expansion Britain – claims over Oregon Mexico - war Texas, Manifest Destiny, and the Mexican‒American War

The Texas Revolution Settling Texas Mexico wooed settlers to Texas Conflict between colonists and Mexico Mexico banned further American immigration Texas violating law Not fully enforced Texans wanted local self-government Minority in state legislature Texas, Manifest Destiny, and the Mexican‒American War

The Texas Revolution (continued) General Antonio López de Santa Anna Dictator of Mexico Rumored Texas would be disfranchised or expelled Prepared to resist Santa Anna’s effort to enforce tariff regulations Sent reinforcements Settlers captured garrison at Anahuac and San Antonio Texas, Manifest Destiny, and the Mexican‒American War

Texas, Manifest Destiny, and the Mexican‒American War

The Republic of Texas Texans declared independence Wrote Constitution based on U.S. model Temporary government Some Tejanos sided with Anglo rebels Alamo under siege 187 rebels against large number of Mexican soldiers “Remember the Alamo” Texan soldiers marched Goliad executed Texas, Manifest Destiny, and the Mexican‒American War

The Republic of Texas (continued) Battle near San Jacinto River 630 Mexicans and only a handful of Texans killed Santa Anna captured, forced to sign treaties Seeking annexation to United States Texas offered land grants to U.S. settlers Sam Houston – first president President Andrew Jackson refused annexation Texas, Manifest Destiny, and the Mexican‒American War

Texas, Manifest Destiny, and the Mexican‒American War

The Annexation of Texas John Tyler assumed presidency After William Henry Harrison’s death Tyler negotiated annexation with Texas Senate refused to ratify Election of 1844 Van Buren against annexation Polk ran on expansionist platform After Polk’s victory, Congress approved annexation Texas, Manifest Destiny, and the Mexican‒American War

Texas, Manifest Destiny, and the Mexican‒American War

Texas, Manifest Destiny, and the Mexican‒American War

Table 13.1 The Liberty Party Swings an Election Texas, Manifest Destiny, and the Mexican‒American War

Table 13.2 The Election of 1844 Texas, Manifest Destiny, and the Mexican‒American War

The Doctrine of Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny Phrase first used in 1845 by John O’ Sullivan, magazine editor Sullivan pointed to three main ideas God favors American expansion Extend freedom and democracy Growing American population needs land Most extreme form - United States would occupy entire continent Texas, Manifest Destiny, and the Mexican‒American War

Texas, Manifest Destiny, and the Mexican‒American War

War with Mexico Texas claimed contested area Between Nueces and Rio Grande rivers Claim not recognized by Mexico Conflict between United States and Mexico Mexican ‒ American War War on Mexico declared – May 1846 Mexicans refused to make peace Despite military losses Strategies of Polk California a Republic Texas, Manifest Destiny, and the Mexican‒American War

What Did the Texas Revolution and Mexican ‒ American War Mean for American Expansion? What was the political situation in Mexico leading up to its war with the United States? How did the Texas Revolution unfold? What did the acquisition of Mexican territory mean for the slavery in the United States? Texas, Manifest Destiny, and the Mexican‒American War

Texas, Manifest Destiny, and the Mexican‒American War

Settlement of the Mexican ‒ American War Difficulties getting a treaty to end war Mexican leaders would not agree to terms Nicholas Trist, negotiator with Mexico, ordered back to Washington by Polk Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo New Mexico and California ceded to U.S. U.S. pays Mexico $15 million U.S. only wanted west coast ports Texas, Manifest Destiny, and the Mexican‒American War

Settlement of the Mexican ‒ American War (cont.) Conflict over war Whigs criticized Mexican ‒ American War Northerners viewed war as being aimed at more slavery Wilmot Proviso Manifest Destiny ultimately limited by racism and slavery question Texas, Manifest Destiny, and the Mexican‒American War

Texas, Manifest Destiny, and the Mexican‒American War

Discussion Question Why did the United States annex Texas and the Southwest? Texas, Manifest Destiny, and the Mexican‒American War

Internal Expansionism and the Industrial Revolution The Triumph of the Railroad The Industrial Revolution Takes Off Mass Immigration Begins The New Working Class Home

Internal Expansionism and the Industrial Revolution “Young Americans” linked territorial growth to other material achievements Communication and transportation - e.g., telegraph, railroad Trade growth, mass immigration Discovery of gold in California Territorial expansion waned after 1848 Technological advances, economic and population growth continued Internal Expansionism and the Industrial Revolution

The Triumph of the Railroad 1840s - railroads displacing canals Rails extended beyond northeastern and mid-Atlantic states Drove many canals out of business Rail construction stimulated iron industry Railroads stimulated new forms of finance Internal Expansionism and the Industrial Revolution

Internal Expansionism and the Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution Takes Off Growth of American industry Factory system expanded beyond mills Depended on new technology America still an agricultural society Agriculture became mechanized New technology Transportation facilitated growth Internal Expansionism and the Industrial Revolution

Internal Expansionism and the Industrial Revolution

Table 13.3 The Age of Practical Invention Internal Expansionism and the Industrial Revolution

Internal Expansionism and the Industrial Revolution

Mass Immigration Begins Immigrants arrived in United States 1840–1860: 4 million Irish and Germans Causes of movement Filled low-paying jobs in port cities Irish faced discrimination, Germans less so Urban reform movement Results from poverty of slums Affluent moving to suburbs Internal Expansionism and the Industrial Revolution

Internal Expansionism and the Industrial Revolution

The New Working Class 1840s: Factory labor began shifting From women and children to men Immigrants dominated new working class Employers demanded more work, less pay Unions organized to defend worker rights Workers clung to traditional work habits Internal Expansionism and the Industrial Revolution

Internal Expansionism and the Industrial Revolution

Discussion Question How did developments in transportation foster industrialization and encourage immigration? Internal Expansionism and the Industrial Revolution

Conclusion: The Costs of Expansion Working class posed problem for ideals Working for wages first step toward becoming one’s own master Internal and external migration came at heavy cost Economic expansion Territorial expansion Both sets of conflicts uncontrollable