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Geography of Human Settlements Why human settlement? * Questions to be discussed

Tutorial Announcement Time:10:30-12:25 29 th February Wednesday Place: Lecture Theatre P1 Web: User ID:GEOG1017 Password:LinP1 (Both ID and password are case-sensitive)

Geography of Human Settlements I. Types and Organization II. Rural Settlements III. Urban Settlements IV. Cities in Major World Regions

I. Types and Organization Types Classification by size & function Urban Cities Conurbation (Megalopolis) Towns Rural Villages Hamlets Isolated Farmhouse

Settlement Classification in China SettlementPopulation Size Extra-large Cities Large Cities Medium Cities Small Cities Designated Towns ≥ 1 million 500 thous. to 1 million 200 thous. to 500 thous. 100 thous. to 200 thous 2 thous. to 100 thous Urban Settlement

Settlement Classification in China SettlementPopulation Size Undesignated Towns ( 集鎮 ) Village Alliance ( 鄉 ) Village ( 村 ) 1000 ~ ~ ~ 500 Rural Settlement

Classification by function 1) Harris Intuitive / Arbitrary Classification Percentage of Employment Function > 45% > 15% > 11% > 25% Manufacturing Mining Transport University

2) Nelson’s Classification ~ calculate national average of labour force ~ special function: exceeds the national average by 1 standard deviation

Functional specialization of American cities

Functional specialization of selected U.S. metropolitan areas

Settlement Hierarchy Zipf’s rank-size rule: If all urban settlements are ranked in descending order of population, the population of the n th town will be 1/n th that of the largest. Pn: Population of the nth town Pn = P1: Population of the largest city n: rank P1 n

Rank City Population (million) 1 New York 8 2 Chicago 4 3 Los Angeles Philadelphia 2 P 3 = P 1 = 8 = 2.6 million 3

Organization of Settlements 1. Primary Pattern ~ dominated by a primate city (has a population of more than twice the 2 nd largest city) Example: Mexico City Bangkok Calcutta ~ usually national capital ~ characteristic of less developed countries ~ destination for low-income migrants

Rank-size distribution of American cities,

Primate city evolution

Organization of Settlements 2. Stepped Order Pattern ~ more than one settlement of similar size at every level like a stairway Example: Guangzhou > 3 million Foshan Jiangmen 200,000 ~ 500,000 Shantou Zhangjiang ~ characteristic of developing / industrializing countries economies

Organization of Settlements 3. Binary Pattern ~ a number of settlements of similar size dominate the upper end of the hierarchy Example: U.S.A. New York City San Francisco Los Angeles Atlanta ~ characteristic of developed countries

II. Rural Settlements Significance Questions to be discussed Characteristics of Rural Settlements ~ rely on primary activities ~ intimate relation with the nature ~ less mobile ~ friendly ~ morphology

Historical Development Economy: Primary → Secondary → Tertiary Settlement: Rural Urban Settlements Intensive farming → larger villages Extensive farming → smaller villages Plentiful resources → larger Scarce resources → smaller

Location, Distribution, Form ~ Location * Water supply * Dry land * Shelter & outlook * Commuting * Trade & Transport * Defense

Distribution * Cluster Random Regular Cluster Linear

Pattern * Agglomerated Dispersed Intensive farming Extensive Communal cultivation Individual Crop cultivation Pastoral Long history New High density Low

Form ~ Village Form * Cluster / Agglomerated * Fragmented * Linear * Open space * Double

Basic settlement forms

III. Urban Settlements Questions to be discussed Significance Characteristics Statistical Definitions

USA Canada China India Italy Denmark Sweden Finland Mininum Population Density Non-agriculture Population (person/sq miles) Employment(%) 2,500 1,000 1,000 20,000 >10 5,000 >50 250

A hypothetical spatial arrangement of urban units within a metropolitan area

A generalized representation of the proportion of the workforce engaged in basic and nonbasic activities

Growth of Urban Settlements ~ Origins ~ Location * Processing & Service Centres * Manufacturing * Transportation hubs * Political Centres * Defense: Protection * Trade: connection

Early Centers of Urbanism

The diffusion of urban life with the expansion of certain empires.

Trade-route city sites. These sites are at strategic positions along transportation arteries.

Types of defensive city sites. Natural protection is afforded by physical features.

Coal mines and oil fields in China

Railroad systems in China.

Growth of Urban Settlements ~ Contemporary Trends & Distribution Megalopolis: an extended urbanized area formed by the gradual merger of several large cities. e.g. Boston – N.Y. – D.C. Conurbation: a process World Cities: function as the control points for international finance, production and marketing Network Cities: nearby, complementary in functions, linked by high-speed transport

Percentage of national population classified as urban, 2007

Trends of world urbanization

Past and projected urban and rural population growth

Average annual urban population growth rates,

Megalopolis and other Anglo American conurbations

A functional hierarchy of U.S. metropolitan areas

The pattern of metropolitan growth and decline in the United States,

Population of Metropolitan Area

Metropolitan areas of 3 million or more in 2006

China Seen in US LandSat December 2011

Mega Cities: London, Shanghai, and Mexico City

A classification of world (or global) cities

The industrial region of Japan are primarily coastal and dependent on imported raw materials and access to the world ’ s markets.