BrGGP2 Gene information BrGGP Gene information

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BrGGP2 Gene information BrGGP Gene information Results Bra035554_BrGGP2 Base pair (bp) Primer design (bp) Amplification Tm Total length 1779 1774 (1-1774) No 57.5/58.4 Addition (N terminal) 540 (1-540) 378 (186-563) 58.4/58.4 Main sequence 1239 (541-1779) 1040 (736-1775) Yes 58.4/59.3 Linking sequence 21 (520-540) BrGGP Gene information Results Bra040607_BrGPP Base pair (bp) Primer design (bp) Amplification Tm Total length 1779 1745 (1-1745) No 59.3/61.3 Addition (C terminal) 996 (814-1779) 639 (319-957) 58.4/58.4 Main sequence 813 (1-813) 340 (1-340) Yes 59.3/58.4 Linking sequence 33 (814-846) Gene Forward primer Reverse primer Size BrGGP2_full gene ATGGTGCAATTAATGAAGCTACT TAGATACAGCCTCTTCTTTCAC 1774 BrGGP2_Fusion AAAGGTCGACAACGGTCAAG ACCCTTTTGATCGTGGACTG 378 BrGGP2_main GAGTGGGAAGATCGGTTTCA TTAGATACAGCCTCTTCTTTCAC 1040 BrGPP_full gene ATGGCTGAAAATGGTTCACTAGA TCCTCGTCATCCTCATCATCG 1745 BrGPP_Fusion TGTGTTTCCATTGGCATTACCA AGGCTGCTCTGATTCGTTGT 639 BrGPP_main1 TGGTAATGCCAATGGAAACACA 340 BrGPP_main2 TCCATTTGTAAGCCGCAACG 813 Fig. S2 Validation of nucleotide addition in Bra03554 (BrGGP2) and Bra040607 (BrGPP) by RT-PCR. cDNA Samples: Brassica rapa – Root (R), Stem (S), and Leaf (L). Full genes (BrGGP2 and BrGPP) were not amplified but main sequences (BrGGP2 and BrGPP) were amplified well.

AT5G21100 52.5% similarity to AT4G39830 63.4% similarity to AT4G39830 AT5G21105 79.7% similarity to AT4G39830; 74.5% similarity to AT5G21100 AO class AT4G35000 62.6% similarity to AT3G9640 AT4G35970 60.3% similarity to AT1G07890 and AT4G32320 AT1G77490 71.6% similarity to AT3G09640 AT4G08390 68.8% similarity to AT3G09640 APX class AT1G19550 96.4% similarity to AT1G19570 DHAR class AT3G52880 67.7% similarity to AT3G09940; 64.9% similarity to AT1G63940 AT5G03630 90% similarity to AT3G52880 79% similarity to AT3G09940 AT1G63940 51.6% similarity to AT3G09940 MDAR class Fig. S3 Recombination events among the ascorbic acid biosynthesis (ABGs) and recycling (ARGs) genes in Arabidopsis. The ORF of AtABGs and AtARGs genes were analyzed for recombination signatures using all available recombination detection methods (RDP, BOOtscan, MaxChi, Chimaera, SiScan, 3Seq and LARD) in RDP v4.35. Genes with no recombinations are not shown

47.3% similarity to Bra027452_BrPGI3 Fig. S4 Recombination events among the ascorbic acid biosynthesis (ABGs) and recycling (ARGs) genes in Brassica rapa. The ORF of BrABGs and BrARGs genes were analyzed for recombination signatures using all available recombination detection methods (RDP, BOOtscan, MaxChi, Chimaera, SiScan, 3Seq and LARD) in RDP v4.35. Genes with no recombinations are not shown Bra019214_BrPGI2 47.3% similarity to Bra027452_BrPGI3 Bra019082_GGP3 Bra010424_GGP4 (91.9% similarity) Bra021239_AO1 56.1% similarity to Bra002356_AO4 Bra020145_AO2 79.2% similarity to Bra021239_AO1 74.2% similarity to Bra040902_AO6 75.2% similarity to Bra002356_AO4 56.2% similarity to Bra021239_AO1 Bra002357_AO3 Bra040902_AO6 90.6% similarity to Bra002357_AO3 85.1% similarity to Bra002355_AO5 70.2% similarity to Bra002356_AO4 61.2% similarity to Bra021239_AO1 74.4% similarity to Bra021239_AO1 Bra013053_APX2 61.3% similarity to Bra034076_APX1 Bra017686_APX4 65.8% similarity to Bra034076_APX1 Bra015668_TAPX 58% similarity to Bra023954_APX3; 48.7% similarity to Bra013053_APX2 Bra037859_SAPX 76.2% similarity to Bra015668_TAPXUnknown 59.3% similarity to Bra023954_APX3; 54.8.7% similarity to Bra013053_APX2 Bra025749_DHAR3 89.4% similarity to Bra008188_DHAR2 87.5% similarity to Bra016503_DHAR4 78.4% similarity to Bra008188_DHAR2 Bra016503_DHAR4 78.9% similarity to Bra008188_DHAR2 Bra033028_MDAR1 56.9% similarity to Bra006954_MDAR6 Bra001293_MDAR3 Bra025303_MDAR4 58.6% similarity to Bra006954_MDAR6 Bra027670_MDAR5 60% similarity to Bra001293_MDAR3 67.8% similarity to Bra006954_MDAR6

AT1G67070_PMI AT1G07890_APX AT1G19550_DHAR* AT1G77490_tAPX AT1G75270_DHAR AT1G19570_DHAR* AT1G63940_MDAR A01 AT2G45790_PMM AT2G39770_GMP A02 AT3G02570_PMI AT3G55590_GMP AT3G02870_GPP AT3G47930_GLDH AT3G09640_APX AT3G52880_MDAR AT3G09940_MDAR AT3G27820_MDAR AT3G54660_GR AT3G24170_GR A03 AT4G24620_PGI AT4G30570_GMP AT4G26850_GGP AT4G33670_GalDH AT4G39830_AO AT4G35970_APX AT4G32320_APX AT4G08390_sAPX AT4G35000_APX A04 AT5G42740_PGI AT5G28840_GME AT5G21100_AO* AT5G55120_GGP AT5G21105_AO* AT5G03630_MDAR AT5G16710_DHAR A05 Fig. S5 Physical mapping of ascorbic acid-related genes onto the Arabidopsis genome. Chromosome numbers are indicated at the top of each chromosome. The image was generated automatically by submitting the IDs of AtRBGs via the chromosome map tool to the TAIR database (https://www.arabidopsis.org/jsp/ChromosomeMap/tool.jsp). Chromosome sizes are indicated by their relative lengths.