THE PASSIVE 1. PASSIVE VOICE Bananas are grown in tropical areas DIRECT AND INDIRECT OBJECTS My sister was given a cookery book by a friend 2. IMPERSONAL PASSIVE Peolple think that he is a great chef He is thought to be a a great chief I was happy that my teacher called me to help him. I was happy TO BE CALLED to help my teacher 3. THE CAUSATIVE We will have a birthday cake made for tomorrow by the baker USE OF ENGLISH: THE PASSIVE AND THE CAUSATIVE

1.GENERAL PASSIVE VOICE: structure Active sentence: THE POLICE CAUGHT THE THIEVES THE POLICE SUBJECT CAUGHT ACTIVE VERB THE THIEVES DIRECT COMPLEMENT PASSIVE VERB: BE + PAST PARTICIPLE THE THIEVES NEW SUBJECT WERE CAUGHT PASSIVE VERB ( BE in the same tense as the active form) BY THE POLICE AGENT

1. USE: the PASSIVE is used when the speaker wants to attatch more importance to the OBJECT than to the SUBJECT. 2. VERBS with two objects: read these sentences A friend lent me this book / a friend lent a book to me Me is the INDIRECT OBJECT A BOOK is the DIRECT OBJECT In the PASSIVE, the DIRECT OBJECT or the INDIRECT OBJECT can be used as the subject of the sentence. 1. I was lent a book by a friend 2. A book was lent to me by a friend. PASSIVE VOICE: DIRECT AND INDIRECT OBJECTS

When talking about information that has been received, but we don’t know who provided the information or the person who provided is not important, we often use the following verbs: SAID, REPORTED, BELIEVED, THOUGHT, KNOWN, UNDERSTOOD Using the following patterns: SENTENCE: Some people say that this is a dangerous area. PASSIVE: It is said that this is a dangerous area. 1. IT + IS/WAS/HAS BEEN+ SAID //THAT CLAUSE + subject + active verb 2. IMPERSONAL PASSIVE : RECEIVED INFORMATION Passive sentenceSubordinate sentence

II. SENTENCE: The police know (that) the man is using a false name PASSIVE: The man is known to be using a false name PASSIVE: steps: 1. Find the subject of the SUBORDINATE SENTENCE The man 2. Transform the MAIN VERB into PASSIVE Is know 3. Write in INFINITIVE WITH TO the verb of the SUBORDINATE SENTENCE: To be using PASSIVE VOICE: RECEIVED INFORMATION (IMPERSONAL PASSIVE 2)

III. SENTENCE: She was tired that her brother annoyed her. PASSIVE: She was tired TO BE ANNOYED by her brother. PASSIVE: In this case, when expressing feelings, we transform into passive the THAT CLAUSE using the INFINITIVE WITH to (PRESENT OR PAST INFINITIVE) Practice: The players were that their rivals won the match playing unfairly. TO The players were sad …………………………………… PASSIVE VOICE: RECEIVED INFORMATION (IMPERSONAL PASSIVE 2)

SUPPOSITIONS We use the pattern: 1. SUBJECT of the SUBORDINATE CLAUSE+ 2. be supposed in the same tense as the SUBORDINATE CLAUSE (see correspondence below) + 3. TO+INFINITIVE In this same tense. To talk about what people say or you have heard about sth. E.g. :I’ve heard that they are moving house soon. MAIN CLAUSE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE PASSIVE: They are supposed TO BE MOVING house soon TENSES CORRESPONDENCE : PRESENT-/FUTURE PRESENT INFINITIVE (TO MOVE) PRESENT CONTINUOUS INFINITIVE CONTINUOUS (TO BE MOVING) PAST(SIMPLE OR PERFECT) PERFECT INFINITIVE (TO HAVE MOVED) I’ve heard that SHE GOT DIVORCED last year. She was supossed to HAVE DIVORCED last year.

PRACTICE: 1. I’ve heard that James is an expert on this subject. (present) James is supposed TO BE an expert on this subject. 2. I’ve been told that Alice is leaving the country next week (present continuous) Alice is supposed TO BE LEAVING the country next week. 3. I’ve heard that Tom will be the next principal of the school. (future) Tom is supposed TO BE the next principal of the school. 4. People have told me that it was a fantastic party (past) It was supposed to HAVE BEEN a fantastic party. SUPPOSITIONS

3. THE CAUSATIVE: HAVE/GET STH DONE Read these example The hairdresser cuts my hair every month. Who’s the subject? The hairdresser Who does the action? The hairdresser. English differentiates when the action is done by oneself and when is done by another person: Observe; 1. My mum cuts her hair every month. 2. The hairdresser cuts my mum’s hair every month 3. My mum has her hair cut every month by the hair dresser When the actor is another person, Englsih uses the two last structures, being 3 the CAUSATIVE: TO HAVE STH DONE

CAUSATIVE: HAVE/GET STH DONE Read these examples: 1. I’M GOING TO HAVE/ GET MY HAIR CUT TOMORROW Who’s the subject? I Who does the action? The hairdresser. 2. SHE HAD HER BAG STOLEN LAST WEEK 3. HE HAD HIS LEG BROKEN IN THE ACCIDENT Who’s the subject? She Who does the action? The thieves What kind of action happened, pleasant or unpleasant? Something unpleasant 4. I MUST GET THIS JOB DONE TODAY It is important to finish the action or I can leave it until later? It is important to finish the action without delay.

CAUSATIVE: HAVE/GET STH DONE When we want to stress that - someone does an action for us, - something unpleasant has happened or - we have to finish something, we use the causative HAVE/GET sth DONE. PRACTICE: use the verbs at the end of the sentence to form the CAUSATIVE 1. Workers collect rubish once a week. COLLECT We…………………………………………………………………………………………. 2. An engineer repaired my computer yesterday. REPAIR I………………………………………………………………………… 3. My new passport will expire soon. RENEW I…………………………………………………………………………….. HAVE OUR RUBISH COLLECTED ONCE A WEEK HAD/GOT MY COMPUTER REPAIRED YESTERDAY BY AN ENGINEER WILL HAVE TO GET IT RENEWED

USE OF ENGLISH, PART 4 PASSIVES AND CAUSATIVE practice

1.Our dog loves it whrn you take him for a walk. TAKEN Our dog ………………………….…………………………………………….for a walk 2. I was thrilled that they chose me to play the part. TO I was thilled …………………………………………………………………play the part 3. People knew she was an expert. KNOWN She………………………………………………………………………an expert. LOVES TO BE TAKEN USE OF ENGLISH, PART 4. PASSIVES AND CAUSATIVE TO HAVE BEEN CHOSEN WAS KNOWN TO HAVE BEEN

3. People say that the castle is over eight hundred years old. SAID The castle….………………………….…………….over eight hundred years old. 4. My friend gets a manicurist to paint her nails for her. HAS My friend………………………………………………………………………by a manicurist. 5. Our house needed painting urgently last year. MUST We…………………………………………………………………………painted last year. IS SAID TO BE USE OF ENGLISH, PART 4. PASSIVES AND CAUSATIVE HAS HER NAILS PAINTED MUST HAVE HAD/GOT OUR HOUSE

1. They will finish the new block of flats next year. FINISHED The new block of flats………………………………………………..,..…next year. 2. Thieves broke into the Smith’s house while they were sleeping. BROKEN The Smith’s house……………………………………………………..while they were sleeping. 3. The garage is repairing their car at the moment. REPAIRED Their car ……………………………………………………….at the moment. PASSIVE AND CAUSATIVE WRITING PART 4-SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION HANDOUT, EX. 1 WILL BE FINISHED WAS BROKEN INTO IS BEING REPAIRED

PASSIVE AND CAUSATIVE WRITING PART 5-SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION 4. A group of students started a campaign for cleaner air. STARTED A new campaign for cleaner air………………………………………………. 5. Someone has taken the keys from the table. BEEN The keys ………………………………………………………..from the table. 6. My mother broke my glasses while she was cleaning the house. BROKEN My glasses ………………………………………………………my mother while she was cleaning 7. The police have caught the robbers of the shop. BEEN The robbers…………………………………………………..the police WAS STARTED HAVE BEEN TAKEN WERE BROKEN BY HAVE BEEN CAUGHT BY

THE CAUSATIVE more practice Rewrite the sentences using the causative form. Subject+ HAVE+ object+ Past Participle 1. They clean my restaurant everyday. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. My father has just repaired his car. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. Tom is mending his shoes tomorrow ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. I HAVE/GET MY RESTAURANT CLEANED everyday MY FATHER HAS JUST HAD HIS CAR REPAIRED TOM IS HAVING/GETTING HIS SHOES MENDED tomorrow

4. My neighbour is going to paint the fence of his house green …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5. I made a cake for my brother’s birthday. …………………………………………………………………………………………..… 6. My father never checks his eyesight. …………………………………………………………………………………………….. MY NEIGHBOUR IS GOING TO HAVE THE FENCE PAINTED….. I HAD A CAKE MADE for my brother’s birthday MY FATHER NEVER HAS HIS EYESIGHT CHECKED THE CAUSATIVE more practice