Objectives Define the terms classification, phylogeny and taxonomy Describe the classification of species into the taxonomic hierarchy
Make glossary cards for the following key terms (Write the word on one side and the definition at the back. Aim to complete in 15 minutes) Biological classification Taxonomy Taxa/Taxon Phylogeny Monophyletic Common ancestor Evolutionary distance Species (leave this blank until later)
WHY CLASSIFY LIVING THINGS? (read through and write down the top three you are most likely to remember!) For accuracy and specificity Make studying living organisms more manageable Make it easier to identify organisms To help communication across the globe In applied science for: effective conservation practices, and impact studies of environmental change. In basic science, to understand ecosystems and evolution To help us to see relationships between species It also offers an unsurpassable adventure: the exploration of a little-known planet!
The ALL Species Foundation is a non-profit organization dedicated to the complete inventory of all species of life on Earth within the next 25 years. To describe and classify all of the surviving species of the world (there are about 13.6 million species)
We use a HIERARCHICAL means of classification All living things are classified under ranked categories called TAXA (plural; taxon – singular) List these taxa on page 204 (you can write the names of these onto your glossary card – in the correct descending order!)
D - K – P – C – O – F – G - S Did King Philip Conquer Over France, Germany and Spain? Or Dopey King Philip Called Out For Good Soup!
Humans! K = animalia P = chordata C = mammalia O = primates F = hominidae G= homo S = sapiens Homo sapiens
Aristotle 4000 BC Created 1 st written classification scheme 2 Kingdom system: Plants & Animals
Current Five Kingdom System PlantaeFungiAnimalia Protoctista Prokaryotae Eukaryotic cells Multicellular Eukaryotic cells Multi/Unicellular Prokaryotes Unicellular
The higher the taxa the more diversity is shown between individuals within a group: i.e. there is MORE variation between organisms in the Kingdom Animalia than between organisms in the Class Mammalia
What is a species?
Species the smallest basic taxonomic unit used to define living organisms A group of individuals with similar key features They are usually able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring (write the above definition onto your glossary card) BUT: this definition does not take into account simple organisms that reproduce asexually
Ligers?! Hobbs (male) from Sierra Safari Zoo Hobbs, with a mane like a lion, the long body of a tiger, and more mass than either, is a striking animal. He exhibits traits of both parents, his mother was a Bengal tigress and his father an African lion. He roars like a lion and swims like a tiger. no official scientific name, but could be Panthera leo/tigris
Breeding a male donkey to a female horse results in a mule Breeding a male horse to a female donkey produces a hinny.
Homework Task Prepare 5 envelopes and label them with the names of the 5 KINGDOMS Cut out the images of organisms on your two sheets and classify them into the 5 kingdoms by putting them into the appropriate labelled envelope If you are sure about your classification, stick the organisms belonging to Protoctista, Fungi and Prokaryotae onto a sheet with the labelled name of the Kingdom. Consult your textbook and the classification tree you have been given. Copy a brief description of each kingdom onto the sheet. Set aside your Kingdom Animalia and Kingdom Plantae envelopes for the next lesson
Classifying plants Classify the images of plants that you have into the main phyla and stick these onto the sheet if there is space or onto a separate sheet. Include a one line description. Magnoliophyta (flowering plants) ○ Monocots ○ Dicots Pinophyta (conifers) Pteridophyta (ferns) Bryophyta (mosses and liverworts) Set aside your Kingdom Animalia envelope for the next lesson