Final Exam Study Guide HEREDITY, CELL DIVISION, DNA, PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, EVOLUTION Directions: Number your paper Then read each question and record each answer by writing out the whole answer (don’t just write A). You don’t have to write the questions – just the answers!

Matching: A. CytokinesisB. Chromosome C. Cell CycleD. Mitosis E. Homologous Chromosomes 1. The process of cell division that forms two nuclei 2. The life stages of a cell 3. Pairs of similar chromosomes 4. The structure in which DNA can be found 5. The division of the cytoplasm

6. What happens when a true-breeding plant self-pollinates?  None of its offspring have the same traits as the parent.  Some of its offspring have the same traits as the parent.  One of its offspring have the same traits as the parent.  All of its offspring have the same traits as the parent.

7. A plant with two dominant OR two recessive alleles is said to be  Hybrid  Cross-pollinating  Heterozygous  Homozygous

8. How are sex cells different from other human cells?  Sex cells have half as many chromosomes.  Sex cells have no chromosomes.  Sex cells are larger.  Sex cells have more chromosomes.

9. Why do sex-linked disorders occur more often in males?  Males have two Y chromosomes.  Males have only one X chromosomes.  Males have two X chromosomes.  Males have two X and two Y chromosomes.

10. Instructions for an inherited trait are called  Alleles  Albinism  Phenotype  Genes

11. What did Mendel discover about recessive traits?  Recessive traits never appear in the second generation.  Recessive traits disappear altogether.  Recessive traits reappear in the second generation.  Recessive traits become dominant.

12. This diagram is used to trace a trait through generations of a family.  Pedigree  Meiosis  Generation square  Selective breeding

13. When there is incomplete dominance,  One allele has more influence than the other.  The alleles have no influence.  There are no alleles present.  Each allele has its own degree of influence.

14. What is heredity?  Traits passing from parents to offspring  The ratio of dominant to recessive traits  Plants that are cross-pollinated.  Traits passing from offspring to parents.

15. What is phenotype?  A dominant allele  A group of 5 alleles  The way an organism looks  The way an organism feels

16. What letters represent the four bases?  WXYZ  ATGC  EYAO  ABCD

17. Watson & Crick built a DNA model like a  Long, twisted ladder  Pyramid  Straight line  Piece of twine

18. The sides of the DNA “ladder” are made of  Sugar and phosphate  Adenine and cytosine  Guanine and thymine  Helixes and twists

19. The rungs of the DNA “ladder” are  A pair of bases  A set of proteins  A pair of sugars  A pair of phosphates

20. A string of nucleotides that has instructions for a certain trait is a  Chromosome  Gene  Ribonucleic acid  Cell

21. Three bases code for one  DNA  Cell  Amino acid  Protein

22. Which best expresses the relationship between genes and DNA?  DNA destroys genes.  They are unrelated.  Both contain chromosomes.  Genes contain DNA.

23. DNA is made of subunits called what?  Nucleotides  Traits  Deoxyribonucleic acids  Proteins

24. Nucleotides are made of a sugar, a phosphate, and a  Gene  Protein  Ribosome  Base

25. Which of the following is NOT an example of natural selection?  Bacteria populations becoming resistant to antibiotics  People breeding horses to run faster  Male birds of a certain species developing colorful feathers to attract female mates.  Insect populations developing resistance to certain pesticides.

26. The process consisting of separation, adaptation, and division is called  Mating  Isolation  Resistance  Speciation

27. Over time, animals may change behavior of physical appearance in response to changes in the environment. What is this called?  Genetic change  Genetic variation  Adaptation  Resistance

28. What is the process by which organisms that are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully that less well adapted organisms do?  Species separation  Genetic resistance  Natural selection  Genetic change

29. What is an example of Earth’s conditions slowly changing?  Volcanoes erupting  Continents moving  Meteors striking  A mass extinction