The Early Middle Ages Section 5 “One faces the future with one’s past.” - Pearl S. Buck Butterflies taste with their feet.

The Early Middle Ages Section 5 Main Idea Reform and changes swept through the Christian Church, one of the most influential institutions in medieval Europe. Power of the Church

The Early Middle Ages Section 5 Clergy people’s main connection to church, had great influence Monks: peacemakers, prayed for safety of rulers, armies Church officials: teachers, record keepers Around 1000, influence of church increased dramatically - great upwelling of piety, level of devotion, in Europe Participation in religious services increased, thousands flocked to monasteries, joined religious orders Clergy and Piety Pope is head of Roman Catholic Church Early popes seen as spiritual leaders – during Middle Ages, they became powerful political figures Manorialism, feudalism encouraged local loyalties Christian beliefs brought people across Europe together in spiritual community of Christendom Major life events marked by religious ceremonies Popes as Political Figures Religion in the Middle Ages

The Early Middle Ages Section 5

The Early Middle Ages Section 5

The Early Middle Ages Section 5 Lincoln Cathedral in England is an example of a cathedral city

The Early Middle Ages Section 5 Question: Why was the medieval clergy so influential? Answer(s): Christian church had strong influence over daily lives of most Europeans; clergy were the people's link to the church

The Early Middle Ages Section 5 Not only were Europe’s common people inspired by a new sense of piety, many clergy members sought ways to improve conditions. 900s, 1000s, pope had little authority Considered head of church, but local bishops made most important religious decisions Few popes noted for religious devotion; most were nobles concerned with increasing own power Papacy 1049, first of series of popes dedicated to reforming papacy came to power, Leo IX Believed that Europe’s clergy had become corrupt, wanted reform Concerned with simony, buying and selling of church offices by bishops Church Reforms Growth of Papal Power

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The Early Middle Ages Section 5 Excommunication Bishops guilty of bad offenses excommunicated, cast out of church No greater punishment for Christians in Middle Ages - person excommunicated could not take part in Eucharist, could not be saved Conflict One who rejected Leo’s authority, bishop of Constantinople 1054, Leo excommunicated bishop, bishop excommunicated Leo - split Christian Church in two Those who agreed Leo called Roman Catholics; those who sided with bishop, Orthodox Reforms Leo became more active in governing church than other popes in past Reforms brought him into conflict with political, religious leaders Many bishops believed pope had no authority to tell them how to act Power and Conflict

The Early Middle Ages Section 5 Michael I Cerularius: Patriarch of Constantinople

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The Early Middle Ages Section 5 Popes and Politics Popes gained influence over people’s religious lives, also over European politics Pope became head of huge network of ecclesiastical courts, heard cases on religious, moral matters Pope also ruled territories, like Papal States –Had ability to raise armies to defend territories –Several popes hired Normans to fight wars –Crusades against Muslims launched by popes

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The Early Middle Ages Section 5 Although popes had increased their power, they still came into conflict with political leaders. Popes of the late 1000s were firmly resolved to change the way members of the clergy were chosen. Kings, other leaders played active role in choosing clergy Holy Roman emperor named several popes Tradition Reform popes did not think anyone but clergy should choose religious officials Issue became critical during Pope Gregory VII’s pontificate Reform Henry IV, Holy Roman emperor, chose new bishop for city of Milan Gregory did not approve, removed bishop Henry disputed Gregory’s authority Most important outcome: Gregory stood up to emperor Bishop of Milan Conflict over Bishops

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The Early Middle Ages Section 5 Question: In what ways did popes become stronger in the Middle Ages? Answer(s): eliminated corrupt clergy, appointed bishops, became political leaders, built armies, ruled territory

The Early Middle Ages Section 5 Early 900s, group of monks sought to return monasticism to strict roots Est. new monastery at Cluny, France, to live by Benedictine Rule Monks of Cluny reserved right to choose own abbot Cluny became most influential and core of network of monasteries across western Europe For some monks, Benedictine life not strict enough Monks wanted lives free from any worldly distractions Created new orders, most popular of which was Cistercian order New Orders Usually built outside of towns to ensure isolation Undecorated, unheated even in winter; monks divided time between prayer, labor Other new orders even stricter, members lived like hermits Cistercian Monasteries Network of Monasteries

The Early Middle Ages Section 5 St. Benedict and St. Robert of Molesme

The Early Middle Ages Section 5 Question: What changes were introduced to monasticism? Answer(s): stricter rules, monks stayed out of politics, simplified lives

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The Early Middle Ages Section 5 Main Idea The Crusades, a series of attempts to gain Christian control of the Holy Land, had a profound economic, political, and social impact on the societies involved. The Crusades

The Early Middle Ages Section 5 Jerusalem in control of North African Muslims, Fatimids, late 1000s Seljuk Turkish Muslims took control of Persia, other lands, persecuted Christians visiting region Turks attacked Byzantine Empire, destroyed army, 1071 Emperor turned to Western Europe, Pope Urban II, for help Muslims Control Holy Land European Christians launched series of religious wars, Crusades, in Middle Ages Goal to take Jerusalem, Holy Land, away from Muslims Jerusalem site of Holy Temple of Jews, also where Jesus crucified, buried, was to come again Vital to Christians to control city Goal of Crusades Launching the Crusades

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The Early Middle Ages Section 5 Muslim Expansion 7 th - 8 th c.

The Early Middle Ages Section 5 The Council of Clermont Pope Urban II called church leaders to council in Clermont, France Described dangers faced by Byzantines Called on Christian warriors to put aside differences, fight against Turks –Effective call to arms –Hundreds of knights, nobles volunteered for Crusade –Set out to meet foes with slogan “God wills it!”

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The Early Middle Ages Section 5 Question: What events led to the call for a Crusade? Answer(s): Seljuk Turks conquered Holy Land, threatened Byzantines; Byzantine emperor called on pope for assistance

The Early Middle Ages Section 5 Crusaders left France in 1096 in First Crusade. In all, nine Crusades set out between 1096 and 1291 to claim or protect the Holy Land. Crusaders in two groups, peasants and knights Unskilled peasants answered Pope’s call –Eager to fight non-Christians in Holy Land –On the way attacked and slaughtered German Jews despite protests –Fell to Seljuk Turkish army at Jerusalem First Crusade Better trained in warfare than peasants, but unprepared for hardship of journey Traveled three years Siege of Jerusalem victory for Crusaders, disaster for city Renamed four states in Holy Land, intended to be strongholds against future Muslim conquests Knights Fighting the Crusades

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The Early Middle Ages Section 5 Third Crusade New leader arose in Muslim world, 1177 Salah ad-Din, known to Europeans as Saladin Overthrew Fatimids, took title of sultan Set out to take back Crusader states, succeeded, drove European Christians out of Jerusalem Second Crusade Muslims began retaking lands lost in First Crusade Took city of Edessa, capital of one Crusader state, 1144 European leaders called for Second Crusade, launched in 1147 Second Crusade a failure, took no lands from Muslims

The Early Middle Ages Section 5 Edessa

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The Early Middle Ages Section 5 The Mediterranean world after the Second Crusade in 1173.

The Early Middle Ages Section 5 Three Kings Richard, Philip, Frederick set out from Europe on Third Crusade Frederick was killed, Philip quarreled with Richard, returned home Only King Richard the Lion-Hearted of England fought in Holy Land Fierce Fighting Richard, Saladin fought fiercely for control of Holy Land Richard won several battles, not able to drive Muslims out of Holy Land Richard could not take Jerusalem, had to return to England Mutual Respect Richard, Saladin admired each other as military leaders, gentlemen Made proposals for peace, including marriage alliance of Richard’s sister, Saladin’s brother; never took place because of religious differences Third Crusade

The Early Middle Ages Section 5 Richard I, England; Philip II, France; Frederick I, Holy Roman Empire

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The Early Middle Ages Section 5 Fourth Crusade, 1201 Jerusalem still in Muslim hands Crusaders could not pay Venetians to take them to Holy Land In lieu of payment, Crusaders agreed to attack Zara Constantinople Crusaders pushed on Attacked Christian city of Constantinople Ransacked city, made one leader new emperor Zara Zara once belonged to Venice, now held by Christian king of Hungary Pope angered that Christian city attacked, excommunicated all More Failures Disorganization, lack of leadership made Fourth Crusade failure Five other Crusades followed, none successful Fourth and Later Crusades

The Early Middle Ages Section 5 After the Fourth Crusade

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The Early Middle Ages Section 5 Question: What was the goal of the Crusades? Answer(s): to take Jerusalem and the Holy Land away from the Muslims who controlled it

The Early Middle Ages Section 5 Economic Changes Historic evidence of trade between Muslims, Byzantines, Europeans prior to Crusades Crusades enhanced existing trade Returning Crusaders brought more goods, spices, textiles, to Europe Increase in trade added to changing European economy during Middle Ages Crusades led to deaths of many knights, nobles Lands left vulnerable Other ambitious nobles took control of unoccupied lands Nobles then had more power, influence in Europe Political Changes Some Europeans respected other cultures, others intolerant Many viewed non-Christians as enemies, persecuted Jews Holy Land Jews saw Crusaders as cruel invaders Relations strained for centuries Social Changes Effects of the Crusades

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The Early Middle Ages Section 5 Question: Why did people’s attitudes change after the Crusades? Answer(s): Europeans became more intolerant and saw Jews and Muslims as enemies; Jews and Muslims saw the Crusaders as enemies

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