Macromolecules Life Lit Chemistry Focus today on 3 things: 1.Polymer structure 2.Monomer structure 3.Elements in each

Life is based on Carbon Carbon atoms are versatile building blocks  Special bonding properties  Has 4 valence electrons so it can form 4 stable covalent bonds with other carbon atoms or atoms of other elements  Bonds with CHNOPS – the elements that make up living things; Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur H H C H H

Macromolecules – the chemistry of life Polymer – large biomolecules made by linking together a large number of the same type of subunit Monomer- small molecule that is a subunit of a polymer (building blocks)

Organic Macromolecules (Polymers) MONOMERPOLYMER Amino AcidProtein Monosaccharide ( AKA simple sugar) Polysaccharide (AKA carbohydrate) NucleotideNucleic Acid These organic macromolecules are made of… CHNOPS!

Carbohydrates: Monomers MONOSACCHARIDES Simple sugars Ex: Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Linked together to build complex carbohydrates like starch Mono—one Saccharide--sweet

Carbohydrates: Polymers POLYSACCHARIDES poly-many saccharide-sweet FUNCTION #1: STRUCTURAL PURPOSES  CELLULOSE (AKA Fiber) – cell walls of plant cells  CHITIN – cell walls of fungi cells and shells of exoskeletons (arthropods) FUNCTION #2: SHORT-TERM ENERGY STORAGE  STARCH – short-term energy storage in plants  GLYCOGEN – short-term energy storage in animals

STRUCTURE OF CARBS Cellulose – long straight chains of glucose (structural) Starch- branched chains of glucose (energy) Glycogen – highly branched chains of glucose (energy) Only straight chains stack neatly into strong, rigid rope-like bundles!

The building blocks of polymers are? A. Saccharides B. Monomers C. Lipids D. Amino Acids

Which of the following is an example of an energy storing polysaccharide ? A. Glycogen B. Cellulose C. Chitin D. Lipids

Proteins Most structurally & functionally diverse group of biomolecules Function: involved in almost everything Metabolism Support Transport Regulation Motion

Proteins Structure:  monomer = amino acids  20 different amino acids 12 made by body 8 essential amino acids (must get from food)  polymer = polypeptide  protein can be one or more polypeptide chains folded & bonded together  large & complex molecules  complex 3-D shape

Rubisco hemoglobin growth hormones

NUCLEIC ACIDS Information storage

Macromolecules: Nucleic Acids Function:  store & transmit genetic information Examples:  RNA (ribonucleic acid) (rRNA, mRNA, tRNA)  DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Structure:  monomers = nucleotides

Nucleotide monomers 3 parts  nitrogen base (C-N ring)  pentose sugar (5C)  ribose in RNA  deoxyribose in DNA  phosphate (PO 4 ) group  CHNOP

RNA & DNA Examples RNA  single nucleotide chain DNA  double nucleotide chain  N bases bond in pairs across chains  spiraled in a double helix

Building the polymer

Nucleic polymer Backbone  sugar to PO 4 bond  new base added to sugar of previous base  polymer grows in one direction  N bases hang off the sugar-phosphate backbone

Information polymer Function  series of bases encodes information  like the letters of a book  stored information is passed from parent to offspring  need to copy accurately  stored information = genes  genetic information

Lipids Lipids are organic molecules essential for life that are composed mostly of C, H, and a litttle O 4 types of lipids  fats (triglycerides)  phospholipids  steroids  waxes

Triglycerides  Fat molecules  Structure = 3 fatty acids chains linked to glycerol  Functions = long term energy storage and insulation for animals  Can be saturated or unsaturated Glycerol 3 fatty acids

Saturated fats All C bonded to H No C=C double bonds  long, straight chain  most animal fats and butter  solid at room temperature  contributes to cardiovascular disease

Unsaturated fats At least one C=C double bond in the fatty acids  plant & fish fats  vegetable oils  liquid at room temperature

Saturated vs. unsaturated saturatedunsaturated

Phospholipids Structure: 2 fatty acids chains + phosphate head  Fatty acid chains = non-polar = hydrophobic “water fearing”  Phosphate head = polar = hydrophillic “water loving” Function: make up cell membranes (phospholipid bilayer)

Steroids Structure: 4 fused Carbon rings examples:  cholesterol – Function =control the fluidity of the cell membrane  hormones – Function = regulate processes in the body (such as pregnancy)  vitamins (A, B, D) – Function = supports metabolism and cell processes

Testosterone

Waxes Solid at room temp Insoluble in water Function:  Protective covering for animals and plants Examples: Beeswax Earwax Cuticle of leaf (keeps water in)

What is the function of a triglyceride? 1. Stores and transfers genetic information 2. Long term energy storage 3. Control the rate of reactions 4. Help to fight disease

Which type of lipid makes up the majority of the cell membrane? 1. phospholipids 2. waxes 3. steroids 4. triglycerides

Fats that have at least one double bond between Carbon atoms are called 1. Unsaturated 2. Saturated 3. Glycerol 4. Fatty Acids

Phospholipids have a 1. hydrophobic head and hydrophilic tail 2. hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

Which of the following is an example of a steroid 1. Fatty acids 2. Sex hormones 3. Phospholipids 4. Olive Oil