East Asia, c China and Japan

2 The Great Wall of China Origins before 4 th century BCE, ruins from Qin dynasty in 3 rd century BCE Rebuilt under Ming rule, 15 th -16 th centuries 1,550 miles, feet high – –Guard towers – –Room for housing soldiers

3 The Great Wall of China

5 China: Ming Dynasty ( CE)

Rebellions in southern China against Mongol rule led by Hongwu (r ) Ming (“Brilliant”) dynasty comes to power – –Founded by Emperor Hongwu (r ) Mandate of Heaven (“Son of Heaven”)

7 China: Ming Dynasty ( CE) Used traveling officials called Mandarins and large number of eunuchs to maintain control Emperor Yongle (r ) experiments with sea expeditions (Zheng He), moves capital north to Beijing to deter Mongol attacks

Reaching Out: Ming China c CE Zheng He and seafaring ventures ( ) – –Mongolian, Muslim, eunuch – –Grandiose floating palaces –Why launched, why halted?

China: Ming Dynasty ( CE) Hongwu Post-Mongol reconstruction ( ): – –Four points:   Improvement of methods of rice production – –Champa rice   Rural innovations (peasants and farmers)   Repopulation and colonization   Reforestation – –Results: population boom (1550 CE), growing markets, industrial development Confucianism

10 Ming Decline 16 th century maritime pirates harm coastal trade Navy, government unable to respond effectively Emperors secluded in Forbidden City, palace compound in Beijing – –Emperor Wanli (r ) abandons imperial activity to eunuchs

11 Ming Collapse Famine, peasant rebellions in early 17 th century Manchu fighters enter from the north and take city of Beijing in 1644 Manchus refuse to allow reestablishment of Ming dynasty Establish Qing (“Pure”) Dynasty

12 China: Qing Dynasty ( /12 CE) Manchus originally pastoral nomads, north of Great Wall Chieftan Nurhaci (r ) unifies tribes into state, develops laws, military Establishes control over Korea, Mongolia, China – –War with Ming loyalists to 1680 – –Support from many Chinese, fed up with Ming corruption Manchus forbid intermarriage, study of Manchu language by Chinese, force Manchu hairstyles as sign of loyalty

13 The Qing empire, /12 CE

(Qing is a variation of Chi’ng)

15 Qing Emperor Kangxi (r CE) Confucian scholar, poet Military conquests: island of Taiwan, Tibet, central Asia Grandson Emperor Qianlong (r ) expands territory – –Height of Qing dynasty – –Great prosperity, tax collection cancelled on several occasions

16 The Civil Service Examinations District, provincial, and metropolitan levels Only 300 allowed to pass at highest level – –Multiple attempts common

17 Examination System and Society Ferocious competition Qing dynasty: 1 million degree holders compete for 20,000 government positions – –Remainder turn to teaching, tutoring positions Some corruption, cheating Advantage for wealthy classes: hiring private tutors, etc. But open to all, tremendous opportunity for social mobility

Japan, c CE Shinto religion – –Kami = “spirit” – –Emperor as descendant of the Sun Goddess Civil War (c ) – –“Feudal” system

Japan: “Feudalism” Full development during Kamakura and Muromachi ( CE) – –Shoen, Daimyo – –Samurai   Bushido (“Way of the warrior”) = code of chivalry – –Developed among warrior class from c CE – –Hara-kiri (“cutting the belly” or seppuku (“belly cutting”) – –Jigai

Two feudal castles in France

Serfs Lords European Feudal Structure

Japanese “Feudalism” Change in feudal structure (c ) Most powerful Daimyo consolidate territories Practice of primogeniture becomes common From 1559-c. 1600, Oda Nobunaga (a Samurai) wins control of his native province of Owari and expands his territory

Japan: From Civil War to Unification Oda Nobunaga ( murdered) Toyotomi Hideyoshi ( ) Tokugawa Ieyasu ( ) *Tokugawa Shogunate ( ) Shogun Sakoku Rangaku

Oda Nobunaga

Toyotomi Hideyoshi

Tokugawa Ieyasu

The End Fin El Fin Ha-Sof Al-Had