Phytoremediation for Reuse of Graywater in a Hair Salon Erin Downey Daniela Carter Mattison Huggins Katie Kendall Tiffany Mode EPA-P3 Award: G11Q40034: An On-Site Biological Graywater Treatment System Suitable for a Small Business 1

Haircut S. Depot St. Boone, NC 2

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What chemicals should we look for? 51 Products with a total of 1127 ingredient entries 361 unique ingredients Chemicals ranked in each of three categories: shampoo, dye, perm Rank = (# of hits)(avg. inverse order) Total chemical list ranked by summing inverse order in each category. Nitrate and phosphate added to list to assess leaching of nutrients from soil 4

Water Cetearyl Alcohol Sodium Laureth Sulfate Glycerin Hydrogen Peroxide Potassium Persulfate Cetyl Alcohol Glyceryl Thioglycolate Sodium Lauryl Sulfate Ammonium Hydroxide Lauramidopropyl Betaine Isoceteth-20 Glyceryl Stearate Fragrance Citric Acid Dicetyldimonium Chloride Laureth-3 Dimethicone Laureth-23 Stearyl Alcohol Anionic surfactants to be detected by methylene blue assay Non-ionic surfactants to be detected by cobalt thiocyanate assay Hydrogen peroxide to be detected by xylenol orange assay Additional components to be detected by ion and gas chromatographies Bold: Non-ionic surfactant Red: Anionic surfactant Green: Ionic compound Blue: Cationic surfactant Top 20 Ingredients 5

Surfactant Isolation by Sublation Organic solvent Aqueous sample Surfactants are transferred from aqueous sample to organic phase by gently bubbling with N 2 (g). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater 2005 Editors: Eaton, Clesceri, Rice, Greenberg 6

Surfactant Isolation by Sublation Nominal 50 μM solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Detection by methylene blue assay. Extraction Efficiency 83.3% 7

Methylene Blue Assay for Anionic Surfactants 2.0 mL methylene blue stock (95 mM methylene blue, 0.12 M H 2 SO 4, 0.36 M NaH 2 PO 4 ) 2.0 mL aqueous sample 2.0 mL dichloromethane MB / surfactant ion pair washes the blue dye into the organic solvent. Adapted from: Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater 2005 Editors: Eaton, Clesceri, Rice, Greenberg 8

Methylene Blue Assay for Anionic Surfactants 9 Aqueous phase Organic phase High [SDS]Mid. [SDS]No [SDS]

Methylene Blue Assay for Anionic Surfactants Calibration is reproducible for the two anionic sufactants tested. 10

Hydrogen Peroxide Detection HOOH + Fe 2+  Fe 3+ + HO  + OH − Fe 3+ + XO  [Fe-XO] 3+ Peroxide oxidizes Fe 2+ to Fe 3+ Xylenol orange forms a colored complex with Fe 3+ ion Colored Complex Analytical Biochemistry :

Nitrate Detection By Ion-Selective Electrode Surfactants interfere with nitrate ion detection. This detection method is not suitable for our purpose. 12

Nitrate Detection By Ion Chromatography Nitrate (as well as phosphate) ions will be detected by ion chromatography. Thanks to Katarina Hauser for assistance with data collection 13

Outlook The EPA P3 project culminates with a design competition to be held April 2012 in Washington DC. Analytical techniques have been (more or less) established for water analysis. - Solid phase extraction / gas chromatography will be used to quantify several remaining chemicals Salon water collection will begin over the winter break Phytoremediation potential of individual plant species and of an artificial wetland ecosystem will be assessed during Spring 2012 semester 14

15 QUESTIONS?