EU institutions Tamara Ćapeta 2016

EU Institutions IIIIII CFSPFormer EC competences + PJC EU ACCORDING TO LISBON

EU INSTITUTIONS European Commission European Commission European Council European Council Council (of Ministers; of the EU) Council (of Ministers; of the EU) European Parliament European Parliament Court of Justice of the European Union Court of Justice of the European Union Court of Auditors Court of Auditors Other bodies: EcoSoc, Committee of the Regions, European Central Bank, European Investment Bank Other bodies: EcoSoc, Committee of the Regions, European Central Bank, European Investment Bank Europol, Eurojust, agencies, etc. Europol, Eurojust, agencies, etc.

EUROPEAN COMMISSION Supranational pillar – exclusive initator of the legislative process Supranational pillar – exclusive initator of the legislative process CFSP pillar – legislative initiative shared with MSs CFSP pillar – legislative initiative shared with MSs Principal policy-maker in the EU Principal policy-maker in the EU Overseas the implementation of the EU law in Member States (“guardian of the Treaties”) Overseas the implementation of the EU law in Member States (“guardian of the Treaties”) Politically responsible to the EP Politically responsible to the EP 28 members 28 members

EUROPEAN COMMISSION - COMPOSITION President + 27 commissioners President + 27 commissioners One commissioner per MS One commissioner per MS But, commissioners independent But, commissioners independent Divided in Directorates General (DG) Divided in Directorates General (DG)

Appointment of the European Commission 5-year mandate – corresponds to the EP elections 5-year mandate – corresponds to the EP elections European Council nominates President by QM, who has to be accepted by the majority in EP European Council nominates President by QM, who has to be accepted by the majority in EP President choses other commissioners President choses other commissioners Interviews in EP – in the end – collective approval Interviews in EP – in the end – collective approval QM in the European Council QM in the European Council

PRESIDENT OF THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION  Prominent role internally & externally Art. 17(6)(b) TEU: “The President of the Commission shall decide on the internal organisation of the Commission, ensuring that it acts consistently, efficiently and as a collegiate body.”  appoints Vice-Presidents and makes a member resign - Post-Lisbon slightly strengthened role – no College approval needed Competing powers (post-Lisbon): 1)President of the European Council 2)High Representative José Manuel Barroso -> Jean-Claude Juncker (since 2014)

EUROPEAN COUNCIL “Summit” “Summit” –Defines general political directions and priorities –Heads of State or Government of MSs, together with its President and the President of the Commission – post-Lisbon High Rep. takes part in its work –Meets at least 4 time a year –Post-Lisbon: recognized as an EU institution

PRESIDENT OF THE EUROPEAN COUNCIL New function! Attributed to an individual for 2,5 year Appointed by QM of the European Council -> Donald Tusk (since 1 December 2014) Herman Van Rompuy -> Donald Tusk (since 1 December 2014)

PRESIDENT OF THE EUROPEAN COUNCIL Reaction to the weaknesses of the rotating six-months depersonalised Presidency of the Council The Presidency of the Council/European Council was, at the start, intended mostly for internal purposes, but over the years it acquired a central role externally in CFSP Post-Lisbon: Individual Presidency of the European Council remains contrasted to MSs’ Presidency of he Council Role: chair meetings of the European Council; ensure its functioning; present a report to the EP; ensure external representation of the Union in CFSP at his/her level and in that capacity (15(6) TEU)  Is his external role competing with that of High Representative?

COUNCIL OF MINISTERS –Legislative institution –Different formations – 1 representative from each MS at ministerial level (e.g. GAC, ECOFIN) –Levels of decision-making –Ministerial  COREPER I and II  working groups –Presided by the the rotating Presidency –Except: Council of Ministers of Foreign Affaies – presided by the High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy –Decision-making: qualified majority as a rule, rarely - simple majority or unanimity

HIGH REPRESENTATIVE OF THE UNION FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND SECURITY POLICY   Union Minister of Foreign Affairs (Constitution)   Amsterdam: High Representative for CFSP (18(3)EU)  Catherine Ashton -> Federica Mogherini (since 2014)

HIGH REPRESENTATIVE   Roles: 1) Presiding over the Foreign Affairs Council 2) Commission Vice-President Duties (Art. 18 TEU): 1) Conducting the EU CFSP 2) Responsible for external relations in the Comm. 3) Ensuring the consistency of EU external action

EU External Action Service - EEAS EU diplomatic service (since 2011) EU diplomatic service (since 2011) helps High Representative to carry out CFSP helps High Representative to carry out CFSP Composed of the EU and national diplomats Composed of the EU and national diplomats Headquarters in Bruxelles Headquarters in Bruxelles More than 140 delegations worldwide More than 140 delegations worldwide Cooperates with other institutions involved in foreign policy Cooperates with other institutions involved in foreign policy

EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT Legislative institution Legislative institution 751 MEPs 751 MEPs Minimum 6, maximum 96 per MS Minimum 6, maximum 96 per MS Direct elections every 5 years; number of MEPs distributed according to national quotas Direct elections every 5 years; number of MEPs distributed according to national quotas Last elections: May 2014 Last elections: May 2014

EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT MEPs grouped according to political affiliation, not national MEPs grouped according to political affiliation, not national Largest party: EPP, followed by S&D; Greens … Largest party: EPP, followed by S&D; Greens … Eurosceptics also represented Eurosceptics also represented President: Martin Schulz President: Martin Schulz (until January 2017)

Roles of the EP Co-legislator togehter with the Council (growing legislative powers over the time) Co-legislator togehter with the Council (growing legislative powers over the time) budgetary power budgetary power role in ratification of international agreements role in ratification of international agreements Political control over the Commission Political control over the Commission

WHO SHOULD OBAMA CALL? European President? European President? European Commission President? European Commission President? High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy? High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy? President/Prime-minister of a state holding rotating presidency? President/Prime-minister of a state holding rotating presidency? ? ? ?