Chapter 19 Lecture Chapter 19: Preventing Violence and Abuse © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Did you PREPARE and did you LEARN? Differentiate between intentional and unintentional injuries and discuss societal and personal factors that contribute to violence in American society. List and explain factors that contribute to homicide, domestic violence, intimate partner violence, sexual victimization, and other intentional acts of violence. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Did you PREPARE and did you LEARN? Explain the prevalence and common causes of homicide, hate crimes, domestic violence, child abuse, sexual victimization, and other forms of interpersonal violence. Describe factors that contribute to gang violence and to terrorist activities. Articulate personal strategies for minimizing the risk of violence. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Did you PREPARE and did you LEARN? Explain potential strategies that campus leaders, law enforcement officials, and individuals can develop to prevent students from becoming victims. Describe community-wide strategies for preventing violence. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Preventing Violence and Abuse Violence: Aggressive behaviors that produce injuries and can result in death. Intentional injuries: Injury, death, or psychological harm, inflicted with the intent to harm. Unintentional injuries: Injury, death, or psychological harm caused unintentionally or without premeditation. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Violence in the United States Violent crimes involve force or threat of force and include four offenses: Murder and nonnegligent manslaughter Forcible rape Robbery Aggravated assault © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Declining Crime Rates © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Crime Clock © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Violence on U.S. Campuses Relationship violence is one of the most prevalent problems on college campuses. Some 10.7 percent of women and 7.1 percent of men report having been emotionally abused in the previous 12 months. About 2 percent of men and women reported being involved in a physically abusive relationship. Some 1 percent of men and 2 percent of women report being or having been in a sexually abusive relationship. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Factors Contributing to Violence Poverty Unemployment Parental influence Cultural beliefs Discrimination or oppression Religious beliefs and differences Political differences Breakdowns in the criminal justice system Stress Heavy substance use © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

What Makes Some People Prone to Violence Anger Anger ranges from slight irritation to rage. Primary aggression is goal-directed hostile self-assertion that is destructive in nature. Reactive aggression is more often part of an emotional reaction. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

What Makes Some People Prone to Violence Substance abuse: Although linked to violence, research has yet to show that substance abuse causes violence. Consumption of alcohol by perpetrator, victim, or both may contribute to violence. Criminals using illegal drugs commit more robberies and assaults. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Does Violence in the Media Cause Violence in Real Life? Americans today–especially children–are exposed to more depictions of violence in the news, movies, music, and games than ever before. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Interpersonal Violence Intentional injury can be classified into three major types: Interpersonal violence Collective violence Self-directed violence © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Homicide Homicide is the fifteenth leading cause of death in the United States. Most homicides are not random acts of violence: Over half of all homicides occur among people who know one another. Based on most recent data, rates of homicide were 3 per 100,000 for white males, 32 per 100,000 for blacks, and almost 14 per 100,000 for Hispanic males. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Homicide in the United States by Weapon Type, 2012 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Hate and Bias-Motivated Crimes According to the National Crime Victimization Survey, an estimated 294,000 violent and property hate crimes occurred in Bias-related crime is sometimes referred to as ethno-violence. Prejudice is an irrational attitude of hostility directed toward an individual. Discrimination constitutes actions that deny equal treatment or opportunities, often based on prejudice. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Bias-Motivated Crimes, 2012 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Domestic Violence This term refers to the use of force to control another person and maintain power in the home environment. It can occur between parent and child, spouses or intimate partners, and siblings or other family members. The violence may involve emotional abuse, verbal abuse, threats of physical harm, and physical violence. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Intimate Partner Violence and Women The vast majority of these assaults are perpetrated by men—either men on women, or men on men. Homicide committed by a current or former intimate partner is the leading cause of death of pregnant women in the United States. 74 percent of all murder-suicides involve an intimate partner. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cycle of Violence 1.Tension building 2.Incident and acute battering 3.Remorse/reconciliation A woman caught in this cycle generally finds it very hard to extricate herself. Most such women need effective outside intervention. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Causes of Domestic Violence and IPV There is no single reason to explain why people tend to be abusive in relationships. Alcohol abuse is often associated with such violence, and marital dissatisfaction is also a predictor. Experts believe that men who engage in violence are more likely than others to suffer from personality disorders. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

See It! Video: Will Anyone Confront Abusive Boyfriend? 1.What message does it send if bystanders do not help someone who is being abused? 2.What societal reasons may contribute to a rise in domestic violence rates? 3.Describe reasons someone may not step in to help if he or she witnesses an instance of domestic violence. 4.Discuss the best method of intervention if you were a witness to a domestic violence situation. Would you respond differently if you witnessed a female abusing a male? Why or why not? 5.Which witness in the video handled the situation most appropriately? Cite evidence for your answer. Would your answer change if the woman in the video were your sister or someone you loved? © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Child Abuse and Neglect Child maltreatment is defined as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child. Child abuse refers to acts of commission, which are deliberate or intentional words or actions that cause harm, potential harm, or threat of harm to a child. The abuse may be sexual, psychological, physical, or any combination of these. Neglect refers to acts of omission and includes failure to provide for a child's basic needs for food, shelter, clothing, medical care, education, and proper supervision. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Child Abuse and Neglect Victims by Age, 2011 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Elder Abuse Many elders who are abused fail to report the problem because they are embarrassed to admit that a family member is an abuser. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sexual Victimization This term refers to any situation in which an individual is coerced or forced to comply with or endure another's sexual acts or overtures. Sexual victimization can run from harassment to stalking, assault, and rape. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sexual Victimization Sexual assault and rape Acquaintance rape Rape on U.S. campuses Marital rape Child sexual abuse Sexual harassment Stalking Emotional and psychological abuse Social contributors to sexual violence © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sexual Assault and Rape Sexual assault is any act in which one person is sexually intimate with another person without that person's consent. Rape is defined as "penetration without the victim's consent." Aggravated rape is any rape involving one or multiple attackers, strangers, weapons, or physical beatings. Simple rape occurs when the rapist is known to the victim, and does not involve a physical beating or use of a weapon. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Acquaintance Rape The term date rape is inappropriate because it implies a consensual interaction in an arranged setting. It appears to minimize the crime of rape when it occurs. Acquaintance rape refers to any rape where the rapist is known to the victim. It may be in a dating situation or it may occur between two strangers who meet in a bar or other social setting. It is more common in venues where alcohol and drugs are used to numb the senses. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Rape on U.S. Campuses 20 percent of undergraduate women have been sexually assaulted one or more times during their undergraduate years. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Marital Rape Although definitions vary within the United States, marital rape can be any unwanted intercourse or penetration (vaginal, anal, or oral) obtained by force, threat, or when the spouse is unable to consent. Generally, women under the age of 25 and those from lower socioeconomic groups are at highest risk of marital rape. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Child Sexual Abuse Sexual abuse of children by adults or older children includes sexually suggestive conversations; inappropriate kissing; touching or petting; oral, anal, or vaginal intercourse; and other kinds of sexual interaction. 90 percent of child sexual abuse victims know their perpetrator, with nearly 70 percent of children abused by family members, usually an adult male. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sexual Harassment Typical sexual harassment will usually include one of the following situations: Submission to such conduct is a condition of an individual's employment, academic progress, or participation in a university program Submission to or rejection of such conduct influences an individual's employment, academic or university program decisions, or grades The sexual harassment interferes with an employee's work or a student's academic career or creates a hostile, offensive environment. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sexual Harassment Protecting yourself from sexual harassment requires that you be assertive. Tell the harasser to stop. Document the harassment. Try to make sure that you are never alone in the harasser's presence. Complain to a higher authority. Remember that you have not done anything wrong. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

See It! Video: Sexual Harassment on Campus Discussion Questions 1.What do you think prevents women from reporting cases of sexual harassment on campuses? Provide recommendations for universities (for example programming, discussions, etc.) that would help women come forward with complaints of sexual harassment. 2.What are the implications for universities where students come forward with complaints? © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Social Networking Safety Don't post compromising pictures, videos, or other things that you wouldn't want your mother or coworkers to see. Never meet a stranger in person without bringing along a friend and meeting in public. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Social Contributors to Sexual Violence Minimization: Rape is the most underreported of all crimes. Trivialization: Because rape is underreported, many people are unaware that they know a rape victim. Blaming the victim: There is still the belief that a scantily clad woman "asks" to be sexually violated. Pressure to be macho: Males are taught that "Big boys don't cry." This might depict men as aggressive and predatory hunters and women as passive prey. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Social Contributors to Sexual Violence Male socialization: "Sowing wild oats" is a rite of passage for men; women are treated as mere sex objects. Male misperceptions: When the media imply that sex is the focus of life, it can lead men to think that women mean yes when they say no. Situational factors: Dates where men make all decisions, pay for everything, and generally have all the control are more likely to end in an aggressive sexual scenario. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Collective Violence Collective violence is violence perpetrated by groups. The two major threats that have recently surfaced are: Gang violence Terrorist threats © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

How to Avoid Becoming a Victim of Violence Self-defense against rape Take control. Speak in a strong voice. Maintain eye contact. Remain alert and be confident. Recognize ploys used by attackers Asking for help Offering of help Inflicting a guilt trip Deliberately causing an accident Claiming authority © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

How to Avoid Becoming a Victim of Violence To prevent an attack: Always be vigilant. Use campus escort services. Demand a well-lit campus. Vary your routes. Don't leave a bar with a friendly stranger. Let friends and family know where you are going. Stay close to others. Keep windows and doors locked. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

What to Do If a Rape Occurs Call Do not bathe, shower, clean up, or touch anything the attacker may have touched. Do not launder or throw away the clothes you were wearing. Contact the rape assistance hotline. If a friend is raped: Believe her or him. Recognize that rape is a violent act. Encourage the victim to see a doctor as soon as possible. Encourage the victim to report the crime. Be understanding. Recognize that the emotional recovery from rape is a long process. Encourage her or him to seek counseling. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Campuswide Responses to Violence Campus law enforcement has the power to enforce laws in the same way as in the general community. Prevention and early response efforts Many universities now hire crime prevention and safety specialists. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Community Strategies for Preventing Violence Teach conflict resolution and coping skills. Help individuals develop self-esteem and respect. Enforce policies against discrimination. Provide family-planning programs. Increase efforts to identify and help victims of violence. Improve treatment and support for victims. Treat psychological as well as physical consequences of violence. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Assess Yourself—A Personal Inventory Go online to MasteringHealth to take the "Are You at Risk for Violence?" assessment. Identify any risks for violence that you might face in your day-to-day life. What methods can you employ to enhance your safety? © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.