Chapter 8 Sexual Arousal © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

The Sexual Response Cycle Three stages of sexual response (Masters and Johnson, 1966) –excitement –orgasm –resolution 8-2 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

The Sexual Response Cycle: Basic Physiological Processes Vasocongestion –occurs when a great deal of blood flows into a region as a result of the dilation of the blood vessels –in this case, the genitals Myotonia –occurs when the muscles contract, not only in the genitals but also throughout the body 8-3 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

The Sexual Response Cycle: Excitement Phase The beginning of erotic arousal –erection is the obvious arousal response in the male –lubrication of the vagina is an important response in the females –both result from vascongestion 8-4 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

Changes During the Sexual Response Cycle in Females 8-5 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

Changes During the Sexual Response Cycle in Males 8-6 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

The Sexual Response Cycle: Orgasm a series of rhythmic contractions of the pelvic organs at 0.8 second intervals in both males and females –sharp increase in pulse rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate during orgasm for males, “ejaculatory inevitability” is a sensation that ejaculation is just about to happen and cannot be stopped for women, the main feeling begins around the clitoris and then spreads outward through the whole pelvis 8-7 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

The Sexual Response Cycle: Resolution Phase Following orgasm –the body returns physiologically to the unaroused state Men –enter a refractory period during which they are incapable of being aroused again Women –do not enter into a refractory period, and some can have multiple orgasms 8-8 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

Criticisms of Masters and Johnson’s Model Focused almost entirely on the physiological aspects of the response –ignored what the person is thinking and feeling emotionally –desire and passion not a part of the model Research excluded anyone whose pattern of sexual response did not include orgasm –model cannot be generalized to the entire population 8-9 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

Other Models Kaplan’s triphasic model of sexual response –three relatively independent phases sexual desire vasocongestion of the genitals reflex muscular contractions of the orgasm phase 8-10 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

Other Models Bancroft’s Dual Control Model –sexual response is controlled by two processes excitation – responding with arousal to sexual stimuli inhibition – inhibiting sexual arousal –both processes can be adaptive or distractive –propensities towards both processes vary widely from one person to the next –early learning and culture are critical factors 8-11 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

Other Models Emotion and Arousal A review of one study –positive emotions had a strong positive association with thoughts of arousal –negative emotions also had a strong positive association with thoughts of arousal –emotions like anxiety and anger involve generalized arousal which intensifies arousal responses to sexual stimuli 8-12 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

Neural & Hormonal Bases of Sexual Behavior 3 Components of a spinal cord reflex –Receptors –Transmitters –Effectors Erection and Ejaculation –erection and ejaculation are controlled by fairly simple spinal cord reflexes –retrograde ejaculation occurs when the ejaculate empties into the bladder rather than going out through the tip of the penis 8-13 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

Nervous System Control of Erection 8-14 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

Retrograde Ejaculation 8-15 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

Neural & Hormonal Bases of Sexual Behavior The Grafenberg spot (G—spot, female prostate, or Skene’s glands) –located on the top side of the vagina, about halfway between the pubic bone and the cervix –stroking it produces sexual pleasure 8-16 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

G-spot 8-17 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

Neural & Hormonal Bases of Sexual Behavior Brain Control of Sexual Response Arousal or Anticipatory Phase –Sexual stimuli producing arousal –“Sexual Interest Network” Part of the limbic system Recognizes sexual opportunity in the environment 8-18 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

Neural & Hormonal Bases of Sexual Behavior Sexual Consummation Phase –Activities producing pleasure or euphoria –Operates from a distinctly different part of the brain than in the anticipatory phase Orgasm –Increased activity in the left orbit of the frontal cortex, associated with subjective ratings of pleasure Post Orgasmic Refractory Period –Three to 30 minutes post—orgasm –Brain activity in men suggest a “de—arousal neural network” 8-19 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

Neural & Hormonal Bases of Sexual Behavior Neurochemical Influences on Sexual Response –Certain chemicals, such as dopamine and oxytocin, block the action of inhibitory responses –Other chemicals, such as opiods and serotonin, are released in the refractory period, inducing sedation and satiety 8-20 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

Hormonal and Neural Bases of Sexual Behavior Effects of Hormones –during prenatal development –organizing effects cause a relatively permanent change in the nervous or reproductive systems –activating effects either activate or deactivate certain behaviors 8-21 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

Limbic System of the Brain 8-22 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

Neural & Hormonal Bases of Sexual Behavior Sex Hormones Interact with nervous system to influence sexual response –Organizing effects cause a relatively permanent change in the nervous or reproductive systems –Activating effects either activate or deactivate certain behaviors 8-23 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

Neural & Hormonal Bases of Sexual Behavior Sex Hormones (cont’d) Testosterone –Activating effect in maintaining sexual desire in men –Increases sexual desire in women with low desire 8-24 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

Neural & Hormonal Bases of Sexual Behavior Sex Hormones (cont’d) Pheromones –Biochemicals secreted outside the body Important means of communication through olfaction –Vomeronasal organ (VNO) inside the nose is a chemoreceptor 8-25 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

Neural & Hormonal Bases of Sexual Behavior Sex Hormones (cont’d) Menstrual synchrony –The convergence over several month of the dates of onset of menstrual periods among women who are in close contact with each other Pheromones play a role in human sexuality –Need not be consciously perceived in order to have an effect 8-26 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

Erogenous Zones Parts of the body that are sexually sensitive Stroking them or otherwise stimulating them produces sexual arousal 8-27 Genitals Breasts Lips Neck Stomach Thighs Back Ears Feet © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

One—Person Sex: Autoeroticism Sexual self—stimulation –masturbation self—stimulation of genitals with the hand or some other object Some men and women incorporate use of mass media into their autoerotic activity 8-28 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

One—Person Sex: Autoeroticism (cont’d) Sexual Fantasy –Sexual thoughts or images that alter the person’s emotions or physiological state –Often involve people, places, or animals with which the person has no real—world connection 8-29 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

One—Person Sex: Autoeroticism (cont’d) Gender differences –m en’s fantasies tend to focus on sexual activity –women’s fantasies tend to focus on playing a role during sexual activity relationship to the partner is key –Gays and lesbians tend to fanaticize about sexual partners of the same gender 8-30 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

Vibrators, Dildos, and Such Dildo –rubber or plastic cylinder, often shaped like a penis, that can be inserted into the vagina or anus Vibrators –some are shaped like a penis and others not, some are electric and some battery—operated –used for masturbation Body oils –popular for sexual use and have a sensuous quality that heightens erotic feelings 8-31 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

Two—Person Sex Kissing Touching Hand stimulation of the male genitals Hand stimulation of the female genitals 8-32 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

Hand Stimulation of the Penis 8-33 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

The Other Senses Sights Smells Sounds Fantasy during two—person sex 8-34 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

Genital—Genital Stimulation: Positions of Intercourse Coitus (sexual intercourse) – the insertion of the penis into the vagina –man on top – missionary position –woman on top –rear entry –side to side –other variations Anal intercourse – insertion of the penis into the partner’s rectum 8-35 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

Man—on—Top Intercourse Position 8-36 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

Woman—on—Top Intercourse Position 8-37 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

Rear—Entry Intercourse Position 8-38 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

Side—to—Side Intercourse Position 8-39 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

Mouth—Genital Stimulation Cunnilingus –mouth stimulation of the female genitals Fellatio –mouth stimulation of the male genitals Sixty—Nining –simultaneous mouth—genital stimulation Anilingus –mouth stimulation of the partner’s anus 8-40 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

Sixty—Nine Position 8-41 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

Techniques of Lesbian and Gays Mutual masturbation Use of dildo to stimulate partner Fellatio Cunnilingus Anal sex Interfemoral intercourse –a man moves his penis between partner’s thighs Tribadism –a woman lies on top of another and moves rhythmically in order to produce sexual pleasure 8-42 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

Female—to—Female Sexual Expression 8-43 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

Male—to—Male Sexual Expression 1844 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

Aphrodisiacs No known substances work well as an aphrodisiac Myths –oysters, bananas, powdered rhinoceros horn, bull’s testicles, amyl nitrite, butyl nitrite “Natural aphrodisiacs” –yohimbe, cayenne, argininer, aventa sativa, and damiana Viagra and Cialis have been approved for use in treating male sexual dysfunction 8-45 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.

Exceptional Sex Being fully present and focused –focused attention Connection, merger, being in sync –deep connection felt with partner Deep intimacy Extraordinary communication –exceptional sensitivity to one another Authenticity, being genuine, uninhibited Exploration, interpersonal risk—taking, fun –sense of humor 8-46 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or in part.