Articulations (Joints)

Joint Classification Functional NameStructural NameMovementExampleDescription

Synarthroses Fibrous Joints

Amphiarthoses Cartilaginous

Diarthroses Synovial Most numerous Most complex Structures –joint capsule –synovial membrane –bursae –joint cavity –articular cartilage –menisci –Ligaments bursae

Types of Joints ellipsoidal

Uniaxial Joints –examples – elbow, knee knee joint –examples - between vertebrate

Biaxial Joints Example –thumb Example –between radius and carpals ellipsoidal

Multiaxial Joints example - shoulder, hip –humeroscapular joint most mobile joint –sacroiliac joint hip joint example –between carpals –between tarsals –between vertebrate

Multiaxial Ball and socket

Multiaxial Ball and socket Multiaxial Ball and socket

Multiaxial Gliding Herniated Discs Multiaxial Ball and socket

Uniaxial Hinge Multiaxial Ball and socket

Meniscus Normal Tear of medial meniscus

__________________ –Used to determine extent of injury and progress of rehabilitation –measures range of motion (degree of angle) ROM (Range of Motion)

____________ ROM flexion – decreases angle, movement towards body extension – increase angle, movement away from body hyperextension – stretching or extending beyond anatomical position plantar flexion – increase angle between top of foot and front of leg (point up/flex) dorsiflexion – decrease angle between top of foot and front of leg (point down) ABduction – move AWAY from medial plane ADduction – move TOWARDS medial plane

rotation – pivoting a bone on its axis circumduction – distal end of a body part moves in a circle supination – hand palm side up pronation – hand palm side down ____________ROM

Special Movements inversion – turn foot inward eversion – turn foot outward protraction – move part forward retraction – move part backward elevation – move part up depression – move part down

Joint Disorders _________________(NIJD) –Osteoarthritis –Tramatic Injuries Dislocation Meniscus tear Sprain Ligament tear Herniated disc _________________(IJD) –Rheumatoid arthritis –Gout

Joint Disorders Osteoarthritis –Most ____________ NIJD –Wear and tear deterioration –Atrophy of ____________ cartilage –Formation of new _______ at joint surface –Most common in weight-bearing joints –Stiffness, pain, limited movement –Treat symptoms with NSAIDS

Joint Disorders ________________ –Articular surfaces not in proper contact –Torn vessels, nerves, ligaments, muscles –Pain and swelling –Treat with realignment (reduction)

Joint Disorders Meniscus Tear –One of most common athletic injuries –Swelling, pain, instability, limited motion –Treat with arthroscopic surgery

Joint Disorders ___________ –Stretching of ligaments surrounding joint –Due to twisting motion –Hematoma, limited motion –Treatment: R.I.C.E.

Degree of Sprains ______ degree ankle sprain –Some stretching or perhaps tearing may have occurred –No loss of function –Mild pain, little bruising –Little or no swelling –Some joint stiffness or difficulty walking ______ degree ankle sprain –Difficulty walking –Moderate to severe pain –Swelling and tenderness in the ankle joint –Bruising may start after 3 to 4 days ______ degree ankle sprain –most serious –Total rupture of a ligament –Walking may not be possible –Severe pain initially and substantial swelling –May require surgery

Ligament Tears (___ degree Sprain) Bruising, pain, swelling, instability Physical therapy Partial tear vs. complete tear –Partial Tear – boot/brace, crutches –Complete Tear - Surgery after most swelling subsides Joint Disorders

Knee Injuries

____________________ surgery 3-4 very small incisions ¼ in. –fiber-optic light source –video camera –terile saline solution is continuously pumped through the knee via a cannula

Video of surgery

Joint Disorders Rheumatoid arthritis –Chronic and systemic –Inflammation of ___________ membrane –______________ destroyed, bone erosion –Progressive crippling and _____________ –Pain, inflammation, decreased mobility, aching, stiffness –Treat with corticosteroid drugs and NSAIDS

Joint Disorders Gouty arthritis –Also referred to as just _________ –Excessive _______ ________ in blood –Crystals get deposited in _____________fluid –Chronic inflammation and tissue damage –Swelling, tenderness –Pin in wrists, fingers, ankles, knees, elbows –Treat with Allopurinol (inhibits uric acid synthesis)

Joint Disorders Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Gout NIJDC IJD