Human Immunodeficiency Virus: HIV Do Now: Begin reading the background information about HIV/AIDS

9 genes, 19 proteins, 2.5 million deaths

Where HIV Strikes

Who HIV Strikes: High Risk Behavior Transmission Category Estimated # of AIDS Cases, Through 2007* Adult and Adolescent Male Adult and Adolescent Female Total Male-to-male sexual contact 487,695- Injection drug use175,70480,155255,859 Male-to-male sexual contact and injection drug use 71,242- High-risk heterosexual contact** 63,927112,230176,157 Other *** 12,1086,15818,266 *Includes persons with a diagnosis of AIDS from the beginning of the epidemic through **Heterosexual contact with a person known to have, or to be at high risk for, HIV infection. *** Includes hemophilia, blood transfusion, perinatal exposure, and risk not reported or not identified.

HIV Demographics Race or Ethnicity Estimated # of HIV/AIDS Cases in 2007 American Indian/Alaska Native228 Asian a 455 Black/African American21,549 Hispanic/Latino b 7,484 Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander46 White12,556

US Demographics RacePercentageNumber WhiteWhite alone (Not including the 23.2 million White Hispanic and Latino Americans: 66% or million) White Hispanic and Latino Americans 74%221.3 million Hispanic or LatinoHispanic or Latino ethnicity, of any race14.8% about 44.3 million Black or African AmericanBlack or African American alone13.4%40.9 million Some other raceSome other race alone6.5%19 million AsianAsian alone4.4%13.1 million Two or more races2.0%6.1 million American Indian or Alaska NativeAmerican Indian or Alaska Native alone0.68%2.0 million Native Hawaiian or other Pacific IslanderNative Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander alone0.14%0.43 million

RNA Virus HIV stores its genes in the form of RNA. Each free virus has 2 identical copies of the same molecule.

HIV is a Retrovirus A retrovirus is a type of virus which inserts its genetic material into the DNA of the host cell it infects. Because the viral genes become part of cell’s own DNA, it is nearly impossible to completely get rid of an HIV infection. This is also the reason HIV infection may take years to cause AIDS

STEP 1: Gp120 protein on virus attaches to CD4 protein on white blood cell

Reverse Transcription: A Powerful Tool for Humanity & Viruses Remember that transcription is the process by which a cell makes an RNA copy of a gene stored as DNA. The RNA molecule produced provides the instructions for protein synthesis to the ribosomes.

Transcription: Forward and Backwards Transcription: DNA  RNA Reverse Transcription: RNA  DNA REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION is the process by which a DNA copy of an RNA molecule is made. The ability to make double stranded DNA from single stranded RNA is how retroviruses insert themselves into host DNA It is also a key tool of biotechnology, allowing for the study and storage of all genes being expressed in a cell.

STEP 2: Reverse Transcriptase makes DNA copy of vRNA DNA-RNA Hybrid Molecule vRNA Reverse Transcriptase

STEP 3: Integrase inserts DNA copy of viral genes into host DNA. Integrase protein Virus DNA Host DNA

STEP 4: Proviral DNA is transcribed into mRNA. Proviral mRNA proviral DNA Host DNA

STEP 5: Viral Proteins are made and processed Protease Viral pre-protein Finished viral protein

STEP 6: Viral RNA and proteins assemble into a capsid Protease Viral RNA Reverse Transcriptase

Step 7: New virus buds from cell