India and Southeast Asia Chapter 6 AP World History

FOUNDATIONS OF THE INDIAN CIVILIZATION Section One

A. The Indian Subcontinent Three topographical zone – Northern mountainous zone – Indus & Ganges Basins – Peninsula 4 topographical sub-regions High rainfall from the monsoons allowed 3 harvests each year in some parts Geography – hard to unify all of India politically – Varied landscape – Different forms of economic activity – Complex social hierarchy – Many languages and cultural practices

B. The Vedic Age Vedic – foundation/stability for Indian civilization Dominance of Indo-European over India Aryan tribes push the Dasas to the south Social order between groups – Varna system People born into one of four “Varna” Jati – complex rules for occupation/interaction Reincarnation – atman reborn based on karma Message – you are born into the deserved Varna Brahmin opposed intro to writing – protect status Rig Veda – Indian poetic hymns Moksha – release from cycle of reincarnation

C. Challenges to the Old Order: Jainism & Buddhism Alternative path to salvation – Yoga, meditation, special diet & moving to the forest Offer enlightenment as path not rituals Jainism – extreme of nonviolence – would not: – Inhale bugs, wear silk, practice agriculture, asceticism Buddhism – Siddhartha Gautama – “Four Noble Truth” – life is suffering/caused by desire – Some took vows of celibacy, nonviolence & poverty – Nirvana – ultimate spiritual reward in Buddhism – Bodhisattva – a Buddhist who found enlightenment – Broke into two sects Theravada – followed original teaching of the Buddha Mahayana – incorporated new beliefs

D. The Rise of Hinduism Pressure from new religious movements Reform the Vedic religion – Hinduism Combined Aryan (Vedas) and Dravidian (human sacrifice) elements Elements of Vedic included – Personal religious devotion – Fertility rituals – Female deities Puja – service to deity, most common form of worship Ganges River – sacred place for pilgrimage

IMPERIAL EXPANSION AND COLLAPSE Section Two

A. The Mauryan Empire United much of India after Alex the Great Strategic location/plentiful/iron resources Chandragupta founder /brutal warfare Ashoka – converted to Buddhism/earliest deciphered Indian writing…edicts of Ashoka inscribed on rocks & pillars

B. Commerce and Culture in an Era of Political Fragmentation Collapse of Mauryan Empire – over extended boundaries Political fragmentation but economic development through: – Growth of crafts – Use of coins – Long-distance trade – Powerful guilds Cultural development – Ramayana & Mahabharata developments in herbal medicine & analysis of Sanskrit Three Tamil kingdoms – academy of 500 authors

C. The Gupta Empire North & central India united – not as strong as Mauryan Empire Controlled iron deposits, state monopolies & 25 % agricultural tax Used well armed cavalry to control core areas Theater-state – advertised the benefits of the empire – Redistributing profits and luxury goods from trade – Elaborate ceremonies for gifts & other favors Court supported mathematics…Arabic numerals & concept of zero Women lost right to inherit or own property…practiced Sati Gupta power strengthen through land exchange with Brahmins Classic form of Hindu temples Extensive land/sea trading – cotton cloth, ivory & metalwork Invasions by Huns of Central Asia…collapse of Gupta

SOUTHEAST ASIA Section Three

A. Geography and Resources 3 geographical “active” zones – chain of volcanoes. – Indochina mainland – Malay Peninsula – The islands Natural resources – fertile lands, monsoon rains & several growing seasons Supports a large, dense population

B. Early Civilization Practiced swidden (slash & burn)/domesticated crops/animals – Rice, Soybeans, & Sugar cane – Chickens & pigs Trade intermediary (go-between) in regional trade – China & India Navigational skills of the Malay people – Use wave patterns, cloud, & swells – Riding monsoon winds – Double outrigger canoes – Used birds & sea life navigation Funan – key location…Isthmus of Kra

C. The Srivijayan Kingdom Located on Sumatra…control vital passageways for shipping Dominated southern trade route Strait of Malacca… King known as a Bodhisattva…patronized Buddhist monasteries Southeast Asian influenced most by India

CONCLUSION Section Four

A. Comparison of Sources History from religious artifacts & religious sources Belief in cyclical creation (reincarnation) – no need for a written history

B. Diversity and Unity Within India Political & social division the norm Ethnic & linguistic diversity unified only under strong central governments…Mauryan/Gupta Indian civilization arose from caste system & religious beliefs Hinduism – elements of southern Dravidian cultures/Buddhism is less fixed than the practices of Judaism, Christianity & Islam