 Korean states emerged in 4 th – 7 th centuries  Maintained political independence  Silla (688–900),  Koryo (918–1392),  Yi (1392–1910) dynasties  Acceptance of much Chinese culture  Korea maintained its Korean culture

 The experience of Vietnam was broadly similar to that of Korea  Vietnam ’s cultural heartland in the Red River valley was part of the Chinese state from 111 B.C.E. to 939 C.E.  Vietnamese rulers adopted the Chinese approach to government  Much of distinctive Vietnamese culture remained in place

 Geography  Japan was never invaded or conquered by China  Main period of cultural borrowing was seventh– ninth centuries C.E.,  Elements of Chinese culture took root in Japan  borrowings were selective

 Religious distinctiveness  Distinctive literary and artistic culture Takeda Shingen by Utagaw Kuniyoshi

 Spillovers: China’s Impact on Eurasia  China’s technological innovations spread beyond its borders  Chinese prosperity stimulated commercial life all over Eurasia

 On the receiving end: China as Economic Beneficiary  China learned cotton and sugar cultivation and processing from India  China was transformed around 1000 by introduction of new rice strains from Vietnam  Growing participation in Indian Ocean trade

 Making Buddhism Chinese  Buddhism took root CE  Sui and early Tang dynasties gave state support to Buddhism Chinese Gold painting of Cundi Chinese Buddhist depiction of Sakyamuni Buddha

 Losing State Support: The Crisis of Chinese Buddhism  Growth of Chinese Buddhism provoked resistance and criticism  An Lushan rebellion (755–763),