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©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Visualizing Psychology by Siri Carpenter & Karen Huffman PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter 14: Therapy Siri Carpenter, Yale University Karen Huffman, Palomar College

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Lecture Overview Insight Therapies Behavior Therapies Biomedical Therapies Therapy Essentials Therapy E

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Psychotherapy: techniques employed to improve psychological functioning and promote adjustment to life Three major approaches to therapy:  Insight (personal understanding)  Behavior (maladaptive behaviors)  Biomedical (mental illness and medical treatments, such as drugs) Introductory Definitions

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Four Major Forms of Insight Therapy Psychoanalysis/ psychodynamic Cognitive Humanistic Group, Family, and Marital

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Insight Therapies: Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic Psychoanalysis: Freudian therapy designed to bring unconscious conflicts into consciousness

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Insight Therapies: Psychoanalyis/Psychodynamic Five major techniques of psychoanalysis: 1.free association 2.dream analysis 3.analyzing resistance 4.analyzing transference 5.interpretation

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Insight Therapies: Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic Evaluation of psychoanalysis: limited applicability and lack of scientific credibility Psychodynamic Therapy: briefer, more directive, and more modern form of psychoanalysis that focuses on conscious processes and current problems

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Pause and Reflect: Check & Review 1.Psychoanalysis is designed to bring unconscious conflicts into _____. 2.What are the five major techniques of psychoanalysis?

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Insight Therapies: Cognitive Cognitive Therapy: focuses on faulty thinking and beliefs  Improvement comes from insight into negative self- talk (unrealistic things a person has been telling himself or herself)  Cognitive Restructuring: process of changing destructive thoughts or inappropriate interpretations

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Insight Therapies: Cognitive (Continued) Two Major Cognitive Therapies: 1.Albert Ellis’s Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) 2.Aaron Beck’s Cognitive-Behavior Therapy

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Insight Therapies: Cognitive (Continued) Ellis’s Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT): eliminates self-defeating beliefs through rational examination

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Beck’s Cognitive-Behavior Therapy: confronts and changes behaviors associated with destructive cognitions Depressive thinking patterns:  selective perception  overgeneralization  magnification  all-or-nothing thinking Insight Therapies: Cognitive (Continued)

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Insight Therapies: Cognitive (Continued) Evaluation of cognitive therapy Pro: Considerable success with a range of problems Con: Criticized for overemphasizing rationality, ignoring unconscious dynamics, minimizing importance of the past, etc.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Insight Therapies: Humanistic Humanistic therapy: maximizes personal growth through affective restructuring (emotional readjustment) Key assumption: People with problems are suffering from a blockage or disruption of their normal growth potential, which leads to a defective self-concept.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Rogers’s Client-Centered Therapy: emphasizes client’s natural tendency to become healthy and productive Techniques include:  empathy  unconditional positive regard  genuineness  active listening Insight Therapies: Humanistic (Cont.)

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Insight Therapies: Humanistic (Cont.)

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Insight Therapies: Humanistic (Continued) Evaluation of humanistic therapy Pro: Evidence for success Con: Basic tenets, such as self- actualization, difficult to test scientifically

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Pause and Reflect: Check & Review 1.How does Ellis’s approach to therapy differ from Beck’s? 2.What is the core difference between cognitive therapy and humanistic therapy?

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Insight Therapies: Group, Family, and Marital Therapies Group Therapy: a number of people meet together to work toward therapeutic goals Family and Marital Therapies: work to change maladaptive family and couple interaction patterns

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Behavior Therapies Behavior Therapy: group of techniques based on learning principles used to change maladaptive behaviors Three foundations of behavior therapy:  classical conditioning  operant conditioning  observational learning

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Behavior Therapies: Classical Conditioning  Aversion Therapy: pairing an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus with a maladaptive behavior

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Behavior Therapies: Classical Conditioning Systematic Desensitization: gradual process of extinguishing a learned fear (or phobia) by working through a hierarchy of fearful stimuli while remaining relaxed

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Behavior Therapies: Classical Conditioning

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Behavior Therapies: Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning techniques used to INCREASE adaptive behaviors: Shaping: successive approximations of target behavior are rewarded; includes role-playing, behavior rehearsal, assertiveness training Tokens: symbolic rewards used to immediately reinforce desired behavior

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Behavior Therapies: Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning techniques used to DECREASE maladaptive behaviors: Extinction: withdrawal of attention Punishment: adding or taking away something (e.g., time-out)

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Behavior Therapies: Observational Learning Modeling: watching and imitating models that demonstrate desirable behaviors Participant Modeling: combining live modeling with direct and gradual practice

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Behavior Therapies (Continued) Evaluation of behavior therapies: Pro: Strong evidence for success with a wide range of problems Con: Questioned and criticized for generalizability and ethics

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Pause and Reflect: Critical Thinking Which form of insight therapy do you personally find most appealing? Least appealing? Why?

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Biomedical Therapies Biomedical Therapy: uses physiological interventions, such as drugs, to reduce or alleviate symptoms of psychological disorders Three forms of biomedical therapy:  Psychopharmacology  Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)  Psychosurgery

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Biomedical Therapies: Psychopharmacology Four major categories of drugs: Antianxiety (increases relaxation, reduces anxiety and muscle tension) Antipsychotic (treats hallucinations and other symptoms of psychosis) Mood Stabilizer (treats manic episodes and depression) Antidepressant (treats symptoms of depression)

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Biomedical Therapies: Psychopharmacology

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Biomedical Therapies (Continued) Electroconvulsive Therapy: based on passing electrical current through the brain and used when other methods have not been successful Psychosurgery: operative procedures on the brain designed to relieve severe mental symptoms that have not responded to other forms of treatment

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Biomedical Therapies (Continued) Evaluation of biomedical therapies: Pros:  Drugs: improved functioning for previously difficult to treat conditions  ECT & Psychosurgery: useful for those with severe conditions Cons:  Drugs: seldom provide cures; may lead to physical dependence; side-effects; overuse  ECT: creates massive changes in the brain  Psychosurgery: potentially fatal complications; irreversible

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Therapy Essentials Therapy Essentials--Five Common Goals

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Pause and Reflect: Critical Thinking Today many people seek advice and therapy from online, tele-health, counselors. What do you think? Would you use an online counselor?

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Therapy Essentials: Evaluating and Finding Therapy 40-90% who receive therapy are better off than people who do not. Guidelines for Finding a Therapist: take time to “shop around.” if in a crisis, call 24-hour hotlines or college counseling centers. if others’ problems affect you, get help yourself.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Therapy Essentials: Gender and Cultural Diversity Cultural similarities in therapy: naming a problem qualities of the therapist establishing credibility placing the problems in a familiar framework applying techniques to bring relief a special time and place

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Cultural differences:  Therapies in individualistic cultures emphasize independence, the self, and control over one’s life.  Therapies in collectivist cultures emphasize interdependence. Therapy Essentials: Gender and Cultural Diversity (Cont.)

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Key considerations for women and therapy: 1.higher rate of diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders 2.stresses of poverty 3.stresses of multiple roles 4.stresses of aging 5.violence against women Therapy Essentials: Gender and Cultural Diversity (Cont.)

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Deinstitutionalization: discharging as many people as possible from state hospitals and discouraging admissions Community services such as community mental health (CMH) centers work to cope with the problems of deinstitutionalization. Therapy Essentials: Institutionalization (Continued)

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Pause and Reflect: Critical Thinking Has reading Chapter 14, or viewing these PowerPoint slides, changed your attitude about therapy for yourself or others? Why or why not?

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Visualizing Psychology by Siri Carpenter & Karen Huffman PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation End of Chapter 14: Therapy Siri Carpenter, Yale University Karen Huffman, Palomar College