UNIT 8: AP GOVT Chapter 17: Foreign Policy

Introduction Foreign Policy  Programs & policies that determine America’s relations with other nations & foreign entities  Often thought of as non-partisan

Key Foreign Policy Players President Congress The Bureaucracy

Key Agencies Responsible for Foreign Affairs State Department (esp. Secretary of State)  Responsible for day-to-day management  Foreign Service Department of Defense  Advisors & responsible for military bases  Joint Chiefs of Staff Department of Agriculture, Labor, Commerce, Treasury Department of Homeland Security  Coordinates anti-terrorism efforts

Key Agencies cont. Agency for International Development US Information Agency  Voice of America & Radio Free Europe National Security Council  Coordinates policy that affect national security Director of National Intelligence: James Clapper  Oversees all intelligence agencies  CIA, FBI, State Dept Bureau of Intelligence, Dept of Energy Office of Intelligence, Dept of Treasury Office of Intelligence, National Security Agency, National Reconnaissance Office

The Goals of Foreign Policy Promoting Security  Nation-states vs. Non-state actors Economic Prosperity  Free trade; NAFTA; World Trade Organization (WTO), General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade (GATT) Humanitarian Concerns  Environmental, human rights, peace-keeping efforts aimed at improving the lives of individuals in other nations

Influences on Foreign Policy Public Opinion  Most of public (75%) is relatively unaware of foreign policy  Attentive public (20%) aware & interested  Opinion makers (5%) influence debate Political Parties  Tradition has been a bipartisan foreign policy  E.g. both parties supported containment of communist aggression after WWII, etc.

Influences cont. Interest Groups  Economic interest groups  Ethnic lobbying  Human rights

History of US Foreign Policy Early History  Washington’s 1796 Farewell Address  Perspective was similar to the realist view: in international relations nations should pursue their own clearly defined interests  Foreign policy concerns dominated early republic  US was relatively weak  Federalist 23 argues benefits to national defense of a strong central government (Hamilton)  Need for a strong military was at odds with traditional republican concerns over standing armies  Mostly isolationist

History cont. 19 th Century  Foreign policy mostly was concentrated on North America & Western Hemisphere  Monroe Doctrine  Manifest Destiny Age of Imperialism/WWI  Hawaii, Alaska  Spanish-American War

History cont. Interwar years: Isolationism  US retreated from the world  No League of Nations  Neutrality Acts of 1930s Post WWII  Active role in international affairs  UN, NATO, IMF, World Bank  Cold War: containment, deterrence, Korean War, Berlin, Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam

History cont. Post Cold War Era  International world became more complex  US has maintained previous international alliances Post 9/11:  Bush Doctrine: US has the right to preemptively attack other nations if it was believed they posed an imminent threat

AMERICAN GOVERNMENT POWER & PURPOSE, 13 th Edition Copyright © 2014 W.W. Norton & Company

Instruments of US Foreign Policy Diplomacy  Policy tool that attempts to resolve international conflicts through direct discussion & negotiation  Dept of State: govt’s chief diplomatic arm  Foreign Service Act (1946): created a fully professional diplomatic corps

Instruments cont. The United Nations  Created in 1945  Multinational body created to solve international disputes  5 Permanent members of the Security Council have greatest power (US, Russia, UK, China, France) International Monetary Structure  World Bank  International Monetary Fund

Instruments cont. Economic Aid & Sanctions  Vast majority of American economic aid is used to further American security or economic interests  Israel & Egypt are largest recipients of aid as a lasting effect of the Camp David Peace Treaty  Sanctions: economic stick of foreign policy

Shares of World Military Expenditures – 2010

Instruments cont. Collective Security  North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Military Force  Usually seen as a tool of last resort Arbitration  Form of dispute resolution relying on an independent third body to adjudicate between competing claims  E.g. International Court of Justice, World Trade Organization

Modern Foreign Policy Debates Realism  Places national security & economic interests above all other concerns Idealism  Emphasizes the promotion of a nation’s values & ideas