EMIGRATION FROM POLSH TERETORIES SINCE XIX CENTURY Zespół Szkół Samochodowych w Gdańsku Migration in the past, the present and the future - problems and opportunities LLP Comenius,

Introduction Emigration from Polish teretories increased at the end of XVIII century, which was connected with losing independence in 1795, and unsuccessful uprisings. At the same time – in the first half of XIX century – Polish people started to emigrate becuse of financial reasons. Starting from 70-ties of XIX century until the beginning of II World War job emigration was more frequent than political one, and from 90-ties of XIX century to 1914 it was a mass emigration. In modern Polsh history the least popular period for emigration was the first half of 50-ties of XX century.

Migration in the past, the present and the future - problems and opportunities LLP Comenius,

Great emigration of of political refugees members of uprising command and soldiers (mostly field level officers ) destinations: Belgium, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Spain, Algiera, the United States Joachim Lelewel, Adam Jerzy Czartoryski Migration in the past, the present and the future - problems and opportunities LLP Comenius,

Great emigration of Reasons Failure of November Uprising Fear of repressions (killings, prison, forced labour) Consequences Polish political parties were created abroad; those parties were fighting for independence and were in touch with people who stayed in „Poland” Migration in the past, the present and the future - problems and opportunities LLP Comenius,

Migration in the past, the present and the future - problems and opportunities LLP Comenius,

2,2 million job emigrants (from Polish Kingdom – russian annexed teretory: people; fromGalicja – austrian annexed teretory: people; from prussian annexed teretory: ). Bacause of overpopulation in the villages in Poland and slow development of industry people emigrated for money also during interwar period ( ). Migration in the past, the present and the future - problems and opportunities LLP Comenius, Emigration in XIX century (to 1914)

Reasons Fast development of industry in western Europe Dynamic development of the USA in the second half of XIX century Consequences Emigrants (2,2mln) in most cases from poor peasants from Poland, Ukraine and Belorus and unwealthy people from urban areas Migration in the past, the present and the future - problems and opportunities LLP Comenius,

Migration in the past, the present and the future - problems and opportunities LLP Comenius,

After the German and Russian administration was organised on Polish teretories displacement of Polish citizens started. Migration in the past, the present and the future - problems and opportunities LLP Comenius, EXTERMINATION OF POLISH NATION BY THE OCCUPANTS

Reasons German and Soviet occupation Planned extermination of Polish people Consequences Transportation of people to the concentration camps Displacement to General Governorship ( – people) Sending people to forced labour in Germany ( people) On teretories annexed by CCCR people were taken to labour camps in european parts or to Kazachstan or Siberia – people Extermination of Jewish and Gypsy people Migration in the past, the present and the future - problems and opportunities LLP Comenius, EXTERMINATION OF POLISH NATION BY THE OCCUPANTS

Migration in the past, the present and the future - problems and opportunities LLP Comenius, MIGRATION POLSKA

The change in Polish borders caused migration. German citizens living on the teretories annexed by Poland fled or were displaced. Polish citizens from central Poland and those displaced from the teretories east of river Bug took place of the Germans. Migration in the past, the present and the future - problems and opportunities LLP Comenius, Migration

Reasons Changes in Polsh borders Strenghtening of communistic regime in Poland Consequences Expellees from the east of river Bug Migration of people from overpopulated central Poland to other regions Emigration of Jews (mostly to Israel) Displacement of German population Migration in the past, the present and the future - problems and opportunities LLP Comenius, Migration

Migration in the past, the present and the future - problems and opportunities LLP Comenius, POLSKA

Poland During the communistic period in Poland there was a constant opposition against the regime. Emigration was one of the forms of opposition for example: Emigration of Silesians in 70-ties Emigration of young people in the time of martial law (from 1981) Emigration of citizens of Jewish background after March 1968 Migration in the past, the present and the future - problems and opportunities LLP Comenius,

Poland Reasons Lack of freedom of speech Opposition againts communists March 1968 Introduction of martial law (13th December 1981) Consequences About people of German origin emigrated to Germany Forced emigration to Israel about Jews and Polish citizens of Jewish origin went to Israel Migration in the past, the present and the future - problems and opportunities LLP Comenius,

Sources: Dzieje Polski – atlas ilustrowany, wyd. Demart, Warszawa 2007 Zarys historii emigracji z ziem polskich, dr Anna Mazurkiewicz ( Migration in the past, the present and the future - problems and opportunities LLP Comenius,