Chapter 4: Freedom Writer: desegregation Education in the United States Its Historical Roots Try to change the world, and the world changes you; change yourself, and the world around you changes.

Chapter Objectives How European roots influenced American education Issues involved in the role of religion in American education Historical roots of free public education for all students How schools historically responded to different minority groups The role of the federal government in education

The 13 Colonies The roots of the American Educational System

Differences ……in the Colonies In the Middle Colonies Since religious freedom was the major reason for coming to America, religion played a central role in their daily lives. In the Southern Colonies: Hire a tutor Plantation Owners Miles between plantation

Puritan Ideals of the New England Religion influenced curriculum and instruction Education helped people follow God’s commandments and resist the devil’s temptations. Play is idleness: “Idle minds are the Devil’s workshop”

Old Deluder Satan Act It required every town of 50 or more households to hire a teacher of reading and writing. (townschool- Twin Falls School District) Landscape issue Men as teachers Citizen s who understood the Bible Scripture literate Citizens who would thwart Satan’s trickery.

The Colonial Legacy The colonial period shaped American education in at least three ways. First, poor Whites, females, and minorities such as Native Americans and African Americans were excluded from schools. Second, seeds were planted for the public support (taxes) for education (the Old Deluder Satan Act) and local control (town) of schools during this period. Third, The Colonial period helps us understand why religion continues to be an important factor in education.

√ Should prayer be allowed in schools? √ Should federal money be used to provide instruction in religious schools? √ What role should religion play in character and sex education? Current Religious Controversies from the Colonial Period Separation of Church and State

The Colonial Legacy Should prayer be allowed in schools? More recently the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that student-led prayers at Texas football games were unconstitutional, violating the principle of separation of church and state. Should Federal Dollars provide instruction in religious schools? Federal funding => laws & national goals NCLB: accountability for basic skills

The Colonial Legacy What role should religion play in character education? Character education ? In colonial times, religion and character education were synonymous.

1. How to Listen 2. How to apologize 3. Asking for help 4. Asking a question

The Early National Period ( ) The U.S. shaped its future through the Constitution and Bill of Rights. 1) Separate Church and State was established 2) Gave control to the states (Idaho)… public ed. 3) Land Ordinance of 1785… not the federal government

Redefining American Education: Religion and the Schools Because of the religious diversity that existed in the colonies, the framers of the Constitution refused to create a national religion, such as existed in England, the country they defeated in the Revolutionary War Prohibiting government from establishing, financing, or regulating religion.

National System of Education NCLB Act The Tenth Amendment said that areas not assigned to the federal government would be the responsibility of each state. First, it implicitly removed the federal government from a central role in running and operating schools, and Second, it passed this responsibility on to the individual states.

** NATIONAL TESTING

Land Ordinance of 1785 This ordinance laid out the land in 6-mile square townships of 36 sections each and reserved one of these sections for the support of public education…….taxes This legacy remains today. T.F. District: separated by boundaries : …..(Perrine school)

A Summary of Historical Periods in American Education

Age of The Common (Man) School Movement ( ) Rise of state support for Public School Horace Mann: lawyer; educator; key figure movement. Improving the quality of life for all people by allowing all to be educated…ladies! Minorities! “public education,” in the form of tax-supported elementary schools (common schools), should be a right of all citizens.

“Public” and local control State education departments were created and state superintendents of instruction were appointed. Schools were organized by grade level, and the curriculum was standardized. Teacher preparation was improved.

Normal Schools Prepare prospective teachers Targeted women Content and pedagogical training School quality also improved with graded levels eliminating congested conditions overlapping curricula often found in one-room schools Group children by age

The Legacy of Common School funding inequality Avg. per-pupil expenditures $4,769 in Utah to 10,725 in New York. Whereas inequitably exist: (ex) Poorest districts in Illinois spent $4,330 per pupil. Wealthiest spent $7,249. State, Local, & Federal

The Legacy (tax supported) A) funding inequalities are a major concern B) Teacher quality is a second contentious issue. The question of what constitutes a well-educated and qualified teacher remains controversial. State, Local, & Federally funded

Quiz: Participation Points 1. What is a “Normal” school as referred to in your textbook? 2. How has the Constitution and Bill of Rights contributed to our school philosophy? 3. What does the “Age of the Common Man” refer to? 4. Discuss one fact from The Colonial Period 5. Discuss one fact from The Early National Period 6. Discuss one fact from The Common School Movement

A Summary of Historical Periods in American Education ***Inequities in funding among school districts. ****Teacher quality and alternative routes to teacher certification. Access to tax-supported education for all established. Grade levels introduced in elementary schools. Normal schools created for the preparation of teachers. The Common School Movement The role of the federal government in education. National testing of all students. A national curriculum. The principle of separation of church and state established. Control of education removed from the federal government and given to the states. Education viewed as crucial for furthering the national interest. The Early National Period Whether or not prayer should be allowed in schools. Tax support for religious schools. The relationship between religion and character education. **Education reserved for wealthy males. **Seeds planted for public support of education. **Religion at the core of education. The Colonial Period Issues That Remain TodaySignificant FeaturesPeriod ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Redefining High School Comprehensive Driver’s training, nutrition & cooking, wood working

The Evolution of the American High School Created standards and methods for high school Focused on needs of boys not attending college Eliminated religion, focused on practical needs: math, science, navigation Prepared men for ministry and law 1892 Committee of Ten 1821 English Classical School 1751 Franklin’s Academy 1635 Latin Grammar School 1913 Commission on the Reorganization of Secondary Education Created Cardinal Principles of Education, including applied goals in health, civic education, and others ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Early Historical Roots 1)The Latin Grammar School Colonial, American high school college preparatory: ministry & law 2) Benjamin Franklin Academy eliminated religion focused on the practical needs; both girls and boys; menu of courses; partially public supported.

Early Historical Roots 3 ) English Classical School (1821) free secondary school to meet the needs of boys not planning to attend college. Practical: English, Math, Sc., History, Geography Changed name to….. 4) English High School (1824 ) curriculum included: English, math, history, science, geography, bookkeeping, and surveying. Similar to Ben Franklin’s Academy Taxpayers did not want to pay Majority took college prep

Redefining the High School Dilemma 1) Faculty psychology, a view of learning suggesting that mental discipline and exercising powers of the mind are important. 2) Large numbers of non-English-speaking immigrants and a growing lower class threatened to create division in American society. 3) Goals; Comprehensive; Tracks for diversity 4) Junior High and High School Division based on subjects not age Problems with intellectual and cultural diversity

The Progressive Era Improve Instruction in Math & Science Critics: Stated curriculum was watered down, devoid of content and intellectual rigor amplified by the Russian launching of the satellite Sputnik in 1957 Two important educational questions remain unanswered: What content is most valuable, and How should that content be taught ? NCLB Act supported girls in math & Science

The Education of Cultural Minorities -Assimilation Educational Movement: “The first thing to do was to clean them [Native Americans] thoroughly and to dress them in their new [military] attire…[then] everything except swallowing, walking, and sleeping had to be taught.” Native American education: Assimilation attempted to bring different minorities into the mainstream of American life by teaching the three R’s and instilling White, middle-class values and morals.

The Education of Minorities Plessy v. Ferguson Law: “Separate is equal”, which resulted in separate schools with different curricula, teaching methods, teachers, and resources, …”but educated” Adopted, particularly for African American students.

Hispanic American Education Largest & Fastest growing group 17 % of the migrant work force school attendance suffered because of work which lead to transience Dropouts Effective strategies for teaching include multicultural education Language differences

National and Social Change Cold War Russian launching of the satellite Sputnik in 1957 we were losing the technology war Improve the security of the nation by improving instruction in math, science, and foreign language. National Defense Act Provided funds for teacher training, new equipment, and the establishment of centers for research and dissemination of new teaching methods. Called education “our first line of defense.”

“War on Poverty” Federal Compensatory Education Increase federal funds : Support Exceptionalities Head Start: (1964) 3- and 4- year-old disadvantaged students enter school ready to learn. Title I: (Programs & Schools) is a program targeting low-income students in elementary and secondary schools. TEACH GRANTS

The Civil Rights Movement “ Separate but Equal ” Brown v. the Board of Edu. of Topeka “…separate educational facilities are inherently unequal and that racially segregated schools generated “a feeling of inferiority.” Desegregation and integration: Seating charts, access, cultural learning Magnet Schools

Federal Governments Role in Equity for Women Gender equity Title IX in 1972 The purpose of this federal legislation was to eliminate gender bias in the schools. “No person in the U.S. shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.”

Major Provisions of the Goals 2000 Act before NCLB Act - All children in America will start school ready to learn. -The high school graduation rate will increase to 90 percent. -Students will master challenging subject matter in all disciplines. -The nation’s teaching force will have access to high-quality professional development. -American students will be first in the world in math and science. -All adult Americans will possess the skills to compete in a global economy. -Schools will be safe places to learn. -Parental participation will increase. ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Today: NCLB Accountability rends/index.html rends/index.html Achievement Gap Graduation College Readiness College Completion

Cooperative groups of four discuss: 1) Progressive Era 2) Plessy vs Ferguson 3) The impact of Sputnik 4) Brown vs Board of Education 5) Federal Compensatory Programs 6) Title IX Discrimination “Everyone writes” prep for test.

Quiz 1. What was the Plessy vs Ferguson Law about ? 2. What was the Brown Board of Education case all about? 3. What is head start designed for? 4. Explain Title 1? 5. Explain Title IX?