Napoleon

Early Life Born (1769) in Corsica to poor family Character traits from the Enlightenment –Creative, scientific, non-traditional, liberal

“The most honorable as well as the most useful activity of nations is to contribute to the advancement of human knowledge.” — Napoleon Bonaparte (upon his election to the National Institute of France)

Napoleon’s Early Wars Joined French artillery Appointed commander at Toulon (1793) –British ships destroyed –Appointed general Commander of small army ( ) in Italy –Defeat of 4 armies in Austria –1 st coalition collapsed –Hero status Military strategy (reserve, timing) Egypt invaded (1798) 2 nd coalition formed ( ) Napoleon returned to France

– Napoleon, quoted in Thorpe, Scott, How to Think Like Einstein, Barnes & Noble Books, Inc., 2000, p.167. "A man will fight harder for his interests than for his rights."

First Consul ( ) Directory wanted stronger government –"Confidence from below, authority from above." – Abbé Sieyès Defeated 2 nd coalition Napoleon tried to copy Caesar Augustus

"I closed the gulf of anarchy and brought order out of chaos. I rewarded merit regardless of birth or wealth, wherever I found it.” “I purified the Revolution.“ – Napoleon Bonaparte

Domestic Policy as First Consul Code of Napoleon Bank of France Centralized state government Relations with Catholic Church Education system Support of science

Emperor ( ) French senate made him their emperor –Disappointment for some Attempts to increase presence in America Territorial expansion and war –3 rd Coalition ( ) Establishing an empire –Spain –Blockade of England –Trafalgar –Austerlitz 3 rd Coalition ends –4 th Coalition ( ) Confederation of the Rhine

Napoleon's Coronation – Jacques Louis David

Defeat – 5 th Coalition ( ) Russian campaign –1812 –Lost 400,000 men –Abdicated in 1814 and sent to Elba

The Hundred Days (1815) Escape from Elba King Louis XVIII fled France Ruled for short period Battle of Waterloo Sent to St. Helena 1840—Napoleon’s remains moved to Paris

Congress of Vienna Restructuring Europe after Napoleon –Conference in Vienna –6 heads of states Guiding principles –Legitimacy –Restore boundaries –Hedge-in France