POD: Name these alkanes Draw the following molecules:5-propyl-3-methyloctane; 3,3,5-trimethylheptane; 3,3-diethylpentane 4-ethyl-3- methylheptane 3,3- dimethylpentane 3-ethylhexane

5-propyl-3-methyloctane 3,3,5-trimethylheptane 3,3-diethylpentane

Topic 10: Organic Chemistry

SWBAT: Identify different classes of organic compounds Identify different functional groups in molecules Agenda Unsaturated hydrocarbons Functional Groups

Saturated & Unsaturated hydrocarbons In a saturated compound all the carbon- carbon bonds are single bonds Unsaturated compounds contain double and/or triple C-C bonds Naming conventions remain the same, except double bonds have –ene suffix, triple bonds have –yne suffix Also double & triple bonds take precedence, meaning they will get the lower # in the name

Saturated & Unsaturated hydrocarbons 4-methylpent-2-ene Or 4-methyl-2-pentene 3-ethyl-hex-1-yne Or 3-ethyl-1-hexyne

Name the following unsaturated hydrocarbons: Draw the following molecules: 2-ethyl-2-pentene; 4-methyl-2-heptene; 5,6-dimethyl-2-octyne 3-hexene or hex-3-ene 1-propyne or prop-1-yne 5-ethyl-2-methyl-3-heptyne or 5-ethyl-2-methylhept-3-yne

Name the following unsaturated hydrocarbons: 2-ethyl-2-pentene 4-methyl-2-heptene 5,6-dimethyl-2-octyne

Functional groups Functional groups are specific groups of atoms or bonds within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules When naming compounds that contain a functional group, the position of the group is identified by giving the # of the carbon atom to which it is attached (just like before) Functional groups take priority over substituents and C-C multiple bonds

Functional groups – aromatics (or arenes) Benzene (C 6 H 6 ) is one of the most famous organic molecules Unusually stable nature, once formed very difficult to break in chemical reactions Back in the day chemists noted these compounds had odors (unlike pure saturated hydrocarbons), however today this class of compounds is not necessarily classified by having an odor Benzene is extremely carcinogenic, was used in many beauty and industrial products until the 1950’s

Functional groups – aromatics (or arenes) (mothballs)

Functional groups – halogoalkanes (aka haloalkanes or halocarbons) Hydrocarbons that have 1 or more halogens Used as flame retardants, fire extinguishers, refrigerants, propellants, solvents, & pharmaceuticals Many halocarbons are pollutants & toxins (CFC’s damaged our ozone) CFC’s & other ozone depleting agents completely phased out by 1994 (Montreal Protocol)

Functional groups – halogoalkanes (aka haloalkanes or halocarbons) 2-bromo-2-pentene 2-chloro-2-pentyne 4,5-difluoro-2-hexene 1,2,3,4-tetraiodo-1-cyclohexene 2,4-dibromo-4,5-dichloro-1,3,5- octriene

Functional groups – aldehydes Many fragrances & essential oils are aldehydes These contribute to very favorable odors such as cinnamon, cilantro, and vanilla

Functional groups – ketones Widely used in industry & biology as solvents, polymer precursors, and pharmaceuticals

Functional groups – carboxylic acids Occur widely and include amino acids and acetic acid (vinegar) Very pervasive in nature, fatty acids are the main component of lipids Used in production of polymers, pharmaceuticals, solvents, and food additives

Functional groups – esters Comprise most naturally occurring fats and oils Low molecular weight esters are also used in fragrances and essential oils, also found in pheromones(responsible for the aroma of many fruits) Phosphoesters for the backbone of DNA Nitrate esters are known for their explosive properties (nitrogylcerin) Polyesters are important plastics

Functional groups – esters

Functional groups – ethers Common in organic chemistry and biochemistry because they are linkages in carbohydrates and lignin Used as an early anesthetic

Functional groups – amines Used in amino acids, dyes, pharmaceuticals, gas treatment to eliminate toxic gases in industry

Functional groups – amides Pervasive in nature and technology as structural materials Amide linkages easily formed, confers structural integrity, and resists hydrolysis Nylons, Kevlar, proteins, pharmaceuticals

Functional groups – alcohols Alcoholic beverages, antifreeze, antiseptic, fuels, preservatives, solvents

Naming with functional groups 2,3-dibromopentane 2,3-dibromo-4-methylpentane Diethyl ether

Naming with functional groups