N18 Notes for Foldable Lab Leaders Gather following Materials: Textbook 5 sheets of computer paper/each member of group Color Pencils from black bin(optional) Create Foldable per Teacher Instructions and Example and Use page 535 from textbook to draw cladogram of all living creatures on Earth on front tab.

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Extension for Homework For Each Kingdom Covered Today, use internet to find one organism. Sketch and label it onto Page adjacent to foldable tab.

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms KEY CONCEPT The current tree of life has three domains.

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Classification is always a work in progress. The tree of life shows our most current understanding. New discoveries can lead to changes in classification. –Until 1866: only two kingdoms, Animalia and Plantae Animalia Plantae

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Classification is always a work in progress. The tree of life shows our most current understanding. New discoveries can lead to changes in classification. –Until 1866: only two kingdoms, Animalia and Plantae –1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista Animalia Protista Plantae

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Classification is always a work in progress. The tree of life shows our most current understanding. New discoveries can lead to changes in classification. –Until 1866: only two kingdoms, Animalia and Plantae –1938: prokaryotes moved to kingdom Monera –1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista Animalia Protista Plantae Monera

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms The tree of life shows our most current understanding. New discoveries can lead to changes in classification. –Until 1866: only two kingdoms, Animalia and Plantae Classification is always a work in progress. –1938: prokaryotes moved to kingdom Monera –1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista Monera –1959: fungi moved to own kingdom Fungi Protista Plantae Animalia

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms The tree of life shows our most current understanding. New discoveries can lead to changes in classification. –Until 1866: only two kingdoms, Animalia and Plantae Classification is always a work in progress. –1938: prokaryotes moved to kingdom Monera –1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista –1959: fungi moved to own kingdom –1977: kingdom Monera split into kingdoms Bacteria and Archaea Animalia Protista Fungi Plantae Archea Bacteria

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms The three domains in the tree of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Domains are above the kingdom level. –proposed by Carl Woese based on rRNA studies of prokaryotes –domain model more clearly shows prokaryotic diversity

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Domain Bacteria includes prokaryotes in the kingdom Bacteria. –one of largest groups on Earth –classified by shape, need for oxygen, and diseases caused

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms –known for living in extreme environments Domain Archaea includes prokaryotes in the kingdom Archaea. –cell walls chemically different from bacteria –differences discovered by studying RNA

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes. –kingdom Protista

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes. –kingdom Protista –kingdom Plantae

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes. –kingdom Protista –kingdom Plantae –kingdom Fungi

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes. –kingdom Protista –kingdom Plantae –kingdom Fungi –kingdom Animalia

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Domain Eukarya Eukaryotic Cells Unicellular (some protists & yeasts), colonial (some protists), or Multicellular (Most Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia Cell Division by mitosis, with a variety of cycles of reproduction and recombination Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Bacteria and archaea can be difficult to classify. –transfer genes among themselves outside of reproduction –blurs the line between “species” –more research needed to understand prokaryotes bridge to transfer DNA

Kingdom Bacteria Bacteria can live in many places on earth, inhabiting a wide variety of habitats, including other organisms Bacteria can live in many places on earth, inhabiting a wide variety of habitats, including other organisms Unicellular Unicellular Prokaryotic Prokaryotic Autotrophic or heterotrophic Autotrophic or heterotrophic Thick cells walls with peptidoglycan Thick cells walls with peptidoglycan

Kingdom Bacteria Bacteria come in different shapes, such as round, spiral and rod-shaped. Bacteria come in different shapes, such as round, spiral and rod-shaped.

Kingdom Bacteria Bacteria can cause a wide variety of diseases, such as strep throat, food poisoning and the Black Death (bubonic plague of the Middle Ages) Bacteria can cause a wide variety of diseases, such as strep throat, food poisoning and the Black Death (bubonic plague of the Middle Ages)

Kingdom Bacteria Procholorococcus – an autotrophic bacterium – What does that mean about how it gets its nutrients? Procholorococcus – an autotrophic bacterium – What does that mean about how it gets its nutrients?

Kingdom Archaea Bacteria that live in extreme habitats, such as hot springs, geysers, volcanic hot pools, brine pools, black smokers Bacteria that live in extreme habitats, such as hot springs, geysers, volcanic hot pools, brine pools, black smokers Unicellular Unicellular Prokaryotic Prokaryotic Autotrophic (photosynthetic or chemosynthetic) or heterotrophic Autotrophic (photosynthetic or chemosynthetic) or heterotrophic Cell walls without peptidoglycan Cell walls without peptidoglycan

Kingdom Archaea Morning Glory Pool in Yellowstone National Park – note the bright colors from the archaebacteria growing in the extremely hot water.

Kingdom Archaea Some like it hot! Bacillus infernus Some like it hot! Bacillus infernus

Kingdom Archaea Archae can live deep in the ocean near geothermal vents called black smokers Archae can live deep in the ocean near geothermal vents called black smokers There is no light, so they carry out chemosynthesis instead of photosynthesis There is no light, so they carry out chemosynthesis instead of photosynthesis

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Kingdom Protista Protists Unicellular Eukaryotes Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic Reproduce mostly asexually Multicellular Algae also in Protista

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Kingdom Plantae Plants Multicellular eukaryotes Autotrophs Reproduce sexually and asexually Cell wall of cellulose; chloroplasts present

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Kingdom Fungi Multicellular eukaryotes (yeast are the only unicellular fungi) Heterotrophs Reproduce asexually and sexually

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Kingdom Plantae Continued Non Vascular Plants Also called Bryophytes No true roots or vascular tissue causing them to be small in size Must live in moist environments Reproduce with spores Ex. Mosses, liverworts

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Vascular Plants Angiosperms Flowering vascular plants Flower is main reproductive organ Seeds are enclosed within a fruit Ex. Deciduous plants

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Vascular Plants Gymnosperms Non-flowering vascular plants Reproduce with cones that contain seeds Ex. Conifers (pine trees)

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Kingdom Animalia Animals Multicellular eukaryotes Heterotrophs Reproduce sexually and asexually