Rapid and uncontrollable development and production of cells.

Cell Cycle

Proto-oncogene Regulates normal cell growth/division

Tumour suppressor gene These genes normally function to PREVENT cell growth/division

Oncogene Cells divide uncontrollably

1.Inheritance may increase risk 2.Proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes mutate or become damaged by carcinogens 3.Known carcinogens: Viruses and bacteria Environmental chemicals Tobacco Radiation Dietary factors

Genetic Risk

BRCA gene test

Chemical Alcohol Asbestos Wood dust Rubber, plastics, dyes Tar / bitumen Aflatoxin Alkylating agents Tobacco

Smoking Single biggest cause of cancer 25-40% smokers die in middle age 9 in 10 lung cancers Known to cause cancer in 1950

Smoking and alcohol

Industrial pollution

Physical causes Ultraviolet radiation Sunlight Certain industrial sources Radiation Radon Cancer treatment

Obesity Lifestyle: - Highly caloric diet, rich in fat, refined carbohydrates and animal protein - Low physical activity Consequences: - Cancer - Diabetes - Cardiovascular disease - Hypertension

Lifestyle Age Occupation Ethnicity Deprivation

Conversion begins with a mutation (a change in DNA) by: 1.Chemical 2.Physical 3.Biological Conversion

Development and Progression

Begins when a chemical substance stimulates growth of a mutated cell Those chemical substances influence a 2 nd stage of carcinogens called promoters. Promoters stimulate cell to divide uncontrollably Metastasis- cancer traveling to other sites; like a forest fire

Ozone layer

Screens out 99% of harmful UV light Ozone produced by lightening 1% in ozone will result in a 2% in skin cancer Holes in ozone: Dupont- CFCs: hairspray, refrigerators, air conditioning Which country has the highest rate of skin cancer?

CFC’s and Ozone Depletion

Ozone Hole

Both UVA and UVB are responsible for photoaging and sunburn. Tanning beds produce both UVA and UVB rays

Strong melanoma candidate

Melanoma facts From 1996 to 2000, the national average rate for melanoma was 17.5 for every 100,000 people, while the state of Hawaii average was 15.1 cases per 100,000.

Fair skin or freckles. Being male. Family or personal history of melanoma. Chronic UV light exposure. Severe sunburns. Unusual moles or a large number of moles. Weak immune system. Factors that may also influence the chance of getting melanoma include

ABCDE’s of Skin Cancer

Genetic testing Biopsy Blood test X-rays, PET, MRI Visual & tactile observation

Surgery Radiation Chemotherapy Homeopathy

Know family history Get regular medical screenings Learn self-exam techniques Avoid direct sunlight Watch your diet and weight Don’t smoke Drink alcohol in moderation (alcohol decrease heart disease, but increases risk of certain cancers) Become educated

Lung Cancer

Cells provided: Polio vaccine research into cancer AIDS effects of radiation Effects of toxic substances gene mapping Cervical Cancer Chromosomes: 82 four copies of chromosome 12 three copies of chromosomes 6, 8, and 17

Human Papilloma Virus

Cervical epithelium

Cervical Cancer Vaccine Controversy Michelle Bachmann Bashes HPV vaccine pediatricians-fact-check-bachmanns-bashing-of-hpv- vaccine Gardasil Vaccine Claimed the vaccine caused mental retardation

INQUIRY 1.What do CFC’s do? 2.What is a proto-oncogene? 3.Name 3 carcinogens. 4.What are the ABCD’s of skin cancer? 5.What is the function of ozone? 6.Who is Henrietta Lacks?