Basic Cell Components To know for Human Anatomy

Cell Membrane

regulates what enters and leaves the cell

Mitochondria

Mitochondrion a.k.a. the Power House Site of Cell Respiration where ATP is made

Golgi, Lysosomes & Secretory Vesicles

Golgi Creates lysosomes, secretory vesicles and peroxisomes for packaging

Golgi & Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes Contains Catalase to break down hydrogen peroxide

Villi & Microvilli

Absorption of nutrients and other substances

Cilia

Moves egg along Fallopian tube; Sweeps debris out of respiratory tract

Cilia in the Fallopian Tube

Vacuoles & Vesicles

Containers for water, food, organic molecules, wastes etc.

Ch 4 Human Body Tissues

Epithelial Tissue Functions: Protects underlying structures Acts as a barrier Permits passage of substances Secretion of substances Absorption (like in the intestines)

Small intestine lining – microvilli increase surface area for maximum absorption of nutrients!

Epithelial Classification: By Cell Shape: Squamous = flat Cuboidal = square Columnar = rectangular

Skin cells are in layers. The bottom layers are cuboidal. This is where new skin cells are made and mitosis occurs. As cell division occurs, older skin cells get pushed to the surface, flatten out turning into squamous cells and die off.

Epithelial Classification: By Number of Layers: Simple = 1 layer Stratified = 2 or more layers

Squamous Cells

Simple Cuboidal

Simple Columnar

Other types of Epithelial tissue: Pseudostratified: appears to be stratified but it is only 1 layer (it’s simple!) Found lining respiratory tract (mucus secretion) Transitional: can be stretched – goes from cuboidal to squamous Ex: In the Uterus & Urinary Bladder

Pseudostratified Epithelial Cells – Lining the Respiratory Tract – mucus secreting cells (goblet cells)

Mucus Producing Goblet Cells

Connective Tissue Functions: Enclosing & separating Connecting tissues together Support & movement Storage Cushions & insulates Transports Protection (immunity)

Connective Tissue Classification: By how densely packed the cells are within the matrix – Loose & Dense By what the tissue is made out of

Six Main Types of Connective Tissue

Loose (Areolar): Made of collagen & elastic fibers Found as packing matter to fill space in the body

Side Note: What is collagen? Collagen is one of the most abundant proteins (as fibrous protein) in the bodies of mammals. It makes up about 25 percent of the total amount of proteins in the body. Some say it is the glue that holds the body together. Without it, the body would fall apart.

Adipose: Made of collagen, elastic fibers & filled with lipids! Main locations: hips, thighs, stomach, breasts Functions: energy storage, padding & insulation

Adipose Cells

Dense Connective Tissue: Made of Collagen & Elastic Fibers Found in Tendons (muscle to bone), Ligaments (bone to bone), dermis, arteries & vocal cords

Tendon Ligament

Cartilage: Made of chondrocytes (cartilage cells) – collagen & proteoglycans Flexible Found at the tips of bones, btwn vertebrae, ear, nose, knee

Cartilage a.) matrix of cartilage is a solid flexible gel the fibers are invisible at normal magnification b.) lacunae is a shell like space containing the chondrocyte c.) cartilage cell called a chondrocyte

What is a proteoglycan? Long chains of linear carbohydrate polymers bound to dipeptides (proteins – remember two amino acids bound together by a peptide bond?). This is one of the components of cartilage that gives it flexibility

Bone: Made of osteocytes (bone cells) and minerals (calcium & phosphate) Hard (dense)

Blood A liquid matrix

Muscular Tissue Functions: Movement – voluntary and involuntary

Muscle Tissue Classified by: Many characteristics – we will discuss later in Chapter 7.

Three Main Types of Muscle Tissue: Skeletal – attached to bone, voluntary, moves the body Smooth – lines organs, involuntary, makes organs move/work Cardiac – heart, involuntary, heart beat/pump blood

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Smooth Muscle Tissue

Nervous Tissue Functions: Communication within the body Controls bodily functions/processes

Classification based on: Whether they conduct electrical impulses or not.

Main types of Nervous Tissue: Neurons: nerve cell – conducts impulses

Neurons

Main types of Nervous Tissue: Neuroglia: non-conducting support cells – they nourish, protect & insulate the neurons