Class Announcement 1  이번 주 Quiz  교과서 6 장 ( 정당체계 )

Ch 4. Party Organizations 2  Party Organizations engaging in three main activities 1. Preparing for and assisting in the running of election campaigns 2. Sustaining the party organization, membership, and other resources 3. Devising new public policies and strategies (“talking points”) for the party’s elected representatives in public offices Yet, devising new public policies is NOT a major area of organizational activity the increasing cost of elections since the 1950s and the growth of complex techniques for reaching voters have led parties to focus on electoral-related activities (the US case)

Ch 4. Party Organizations 3 The main question is …“how and why one party differs from another in respect of its organizations.” ( 정당조직은 왜 정당마다 차이가 나는가 ?)  교과서 4 장 “ 정당의 조직 ” 에서 자세한 설명 1. The electoral competition models  Duverger and Epstein 2. The institution (institutionalization) models  Panebianco

The Electoral Competitions Models I 4  Duverger’s typology of party organizations  “Direct” parties vs. “Indirect” parties  the “basic elements” of the party  Direct parties ( 직접적 정당 )  Unitary organizations  Indirect parties ( 간접적 정당 )  Confederations of other bodies  far less common and found usually among socialist and catholic parties

The Electoral Competitions Models I 5 Duverger’s “Basic elements” of parties  Caucus  The oldest form of party element and dominant in the pre- democratic era  a small # of members and no expansion “small but select”  Branch ( 뒤베르제의 관심 )  The branch structure seeking to recruit members as a way of increasing the resources (“the mass-membership party”)  The original branch parties (especially the Socialists) were externally created by those excluded from political power in a regime  “Contagion from the left”

The Electoral Competitions Models II 6  Epstein seeing party organization as nothing more than a response to the competition for votes  D isagreeing with the European orientation of Duverger’s analysis  American-type parties actually the best suited to conducting modern election campaigns  In the era of TV campaigning, opinion polls, and social media, parties do not need a large number of members to mobilize voters  Rather, parties need money from interest groups and donors  “Contagion from the right” (the model being the Republican Party in the US) that would characterize the future of party organizations in liberal democracies

Ex) US Presidential Elections and TV Campaign Commercials  Greatest Hits of the Televised Campaign Era (Shafer) 1. Johnson (1964) - "Daisy Girl"  Hugely controversial in its time and intermittently imitated thereafter. 2. Reagan (1984) - "The Bear"  Remarkably forceful while remaining almost entirely metaphorical. 3. Stevenson (1952) - "Gab Gab Gab"  One of the greatest social-welfare arguments in the television era. 4. Nixon (1968) - "Our Leaders Have Failed Us"  Perhaps the single best piece for conveying the sense of social upheaval associated with the late 1960s. 5. Dole (1996) - "Schools"  One of the greatest character attacks of the television era. 7

Ch 4. Party Organizations 8  An Institutional Approach (Panebianco)  a more limited approach (excluding one-party states and parties in the United States)  Panebianco’s typology linking two variables 1. Genetic model how a party came to be formed 2. Institutionalization the degree of autonomy (in relation to its environment) degree of systemness (center’s control of resources)

Links between Genetic Model and Institutionalization (Panebianco approach) 9  Parties that develop through territorial penetration tend to develop strong institutions, because the founding elites can control the form that organization takes from the start  Parties that develop through territorial diffusion tend to be weak institutionally because of competition for control of party resources between the founding elites  Externally legitimated parties experience weak institutionalization because the sponsoring bodies have an interest in doing so (strong institutionalization would reduce their leverage over the party)

Links between Genetic Model and Institutionalization (Panebianco approach) 10  Parties that are sponsored by organizations abroad develop strong institutionalization (a strong institution helps to reduce the possible influence of other organizations in the society on the party)  Internally legitimated parties lack the constraints imposed on externally legitimated parties and can develop in the direction of strong institutionalization  Charismatic leaders tend to resist institutionalization in their party as a threat to their own power. However, when institutionalization does occur it will develop strongly, reflecting the original pattern of centralized authority in the party.