Ford/Nixon By: Sky P., Noah S., Brittany V.A., Vanessa Z.

Questions: 1) What was the long-standing impact of Nixon’s economic policies? 2) What was Nixon’s general attitude towards Communist- allied countries during the Cold War? 3) How did Ping-Pong Diplomacy make history? 4) What were the reasons for supporting Pinochet’s regime?

The Domestic Policies Nixon- ( ) Ford- ( )

1968 Election Nixon used the lessons learned from running against Kennedy in He appeared on numerous light night shows, using a “calm, statesmanlike grace” in answering questions. Nixon also seized upon his opponent’s weaknesses, making a powerful move against rival Hubert Humphrey, denouncing his continuation of Johnson’s Vietnam policies.

1968 Election

Nixonomics Nixon moved away from a “tight-money” policy, due to its contribution to the rapid inflation of the economy. For example, Nixon created the Tripartite Committee to oversee the policies of the construction industry. Nixon also significantly impacted the gold standard, by stating in a 1971 address that gold stocks would no longer be transferrable to U.S. dollars. This created an 8 percent devaluation of the dollar, stimulating the American domestic market and economy.

Nixonomics

Social Reforms Nixon introduced SSI (Supplemental Security Income), which provided a guaranteed income for elderly and disabled citizens of the U.S. Nixon promoted HMOs (or health maintenance organizations) and introduced the concept of a negative income tax. The concept goes like this ; when someone earns a below normal amount of money, instead of having to pay taxes to the government, the government gives supplemental pay to the recipient.

Social Reforms

Environmental Policies One of Nixon’s biggest changes in environmental legislation came with the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency, better known as the EPA. Nixon established the Council on Environmental Quality, to oversee the efforts of the EPA and the nation’s overall environmental progress. Nixon also introduced the Endangered Species Act and the Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970.

Shared Authority Over the Military Shortly after the impulsive decision to deploy military forces to fight in the Vietnam War, people were concerned that the President had too much authority over the military. They believed that the government needed to develop regulations that allowed the Congress to share their judgment in determining whether or not the United States has reason to get involved in dangerous affairs. The 1973 War Powers Resolution, which was passed by Congress even after Nixon’s opposition to the act, stated the requirement of approval from Congress and the President to send U.S. troops into hostile situations unless the following occurs: There is a declaration of war, Congress agrees with the President’s decision to send troops, or An attack/invasion was made on the United States.

Impact of the War Powers Resolution The Resolution inspired controversy after its implementation because some people believed that power was stripped from the executive branch. The act focused on setting guidelines for sending troops into battle. Reports were needed on file to keep record of approval, and the time and reasoning for deployment. Time limits of approximately 60 days were allowed for each deployment until Congress approves. If Congress does not, the troops are withdrawn. If Congress does approve, an extension is permitted. Ford utilized the time limit portion of the War Powers Resolution in 1975 when he sent U.S. troops to seize back their merchant ship, the Mayaguez, which the Cambodian military had stolen from them. A report was filed and Congress approved the mission.

Giving the Natives a Voice Nixon encouraged the Congress to acknowledge the importance of Native Americans in the United States. Through the passing of the Indian Self Determination and Education Assistance Acts in 1975 during Ford’s presidency, Indians were able to create their own schools, take charge of the way they structure education, and participate in the development of new social programs and services.

The Cold War Policies- Nixon ( )

Chile and Pinochet Coup ● Nixon made the decision to order the CIA to prevent Allende from coming to power. ● Nixon orders to undermine Chilean democracy. ● Pinochet took over for Allende.

Argentine Military Regime Key member of Operation Condor U.S provided technical and military support Operation Condor allowed the Latin American militaries to put into practice a key strategic concept of the national security doctrine: hemispheric defense defined by ideological frontiers

Ping-Pong Diplomacy On April 6, 1971, the American Ping-Pong team, in Japan for the 31st World Table Tennis Championship, received an invitation from their Chinese colleagues for an all-expense paid visit to the People's Republic On April 10, nine players, four officials, and two spouses stepped across a bridge from Hong Kong to the Chinese mainland, ushering in an era of Ping-Pong diplomacy

Ping-Pong Diplomacy Ten journalists, including five Americans, were also invited to cover the team’s visit, ending the information blockade from the People's Republic in place since 1949 On April 14, the U.S. announced plans to remove a 20-year embargo on trade with China It was not until July 15, after Kissinger's secret mission to Beijing, that Nixon announced that he, too, would make the journey the following year, as the first American president to visit China.

Questions: 1) What was the long-standing impact of Nixon’s economic policies? 2) What was Nixon’s general attitude towards Communist- allied countries during the Cold War? 3) How did Ping-Pong Diplomacy make history? 4) What were the reasons behind supporting Pinochet’s regime?

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