Measurement & Analysis: The Missing Link Katherine McKnight, Ph.D. Director of Research & Evaluation Pearson School Achievement Services.

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Presentation transcript:

Measurement & Analysis: The Missing Link Katherine McKnight, Ph.D. Director of Research & Evaluation Pearson School Achievement Services

The Main Thing How we measure our variables directly influences how we ought to analyze them

What is measurement? Assigning numbers to our observations The numbers reflect different properties of those observations (e.g., magnitude, frequency, amount) Goal: to map our numbers onto the phenomenon of interest as closely as possible

Measures that Categorize 1 = Male 2 = Female 1 = up to 30 yrs old 2 = 30 – 39 yrs old 3 = 40 – 49 yrs old 4 = 50 – 59 yrs old 5 = 60 – 69 yrs old 6 = 70+ yrs old 1 = African American 2 = Hispanic 3 = Asian 4 = Caucasian 5 = Other

Categorical Data DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS MEDIAN AGE CATEGOY = 2 (Ages 30 – 39) MEAN = 2. 4 (between and 40-49?) < 30 yrs = = = = = yrs = 6

Binary Measures MEAN = 2/5 = 40%

Measures that rank or order things

Measures that Rank or Order Things -2 Disagree Strongly 2 Agree Strongly Disagree Somewhat 1 Agree Somewhat 0 Neutral Central Tendency Median2.0 Mean1.32

Measures of Magnitude

Comparing Groups % of body fat lost MalesFemales Mean 0.17

Measurement & Data Presentation

Some Resources Books: 1.What is a P-Value Anyway? 34 Stories to Help You Actually Understand Statistics – by Andrew Vickers (2010) The Cartoon Guide to Statistics – by Larry Gonick & Woollcott Smith (1993). Published by Harper Perennial, available at 3. Discovering Statistics Using SPSS (3rd Edition), by Andy Field. Published by Sage, available at 4. Visualizing Data, by William Cleveland (1993). Published by Hobart Press. Available at The Elements of Graphing Data, by William Cleveland (1994). Published by Hobart Press. Available at

Some Resources Websites: 1.Final slide’s table is from presenting-data-in-meaningful-and-interesting-wayshttp:// presenting-data-in-meaningful-and-interesting-ways 2.Check out YouTube for a variety of statistics videos, e.g., (more info on this series at Perdisco’s Introductory Stats course (YouTube video above is from this series):