Southern Empires, Southern Seas Ch. 14

I. Tropical Lands & Peoples

a. The Tropical Environment i. Between Tropics of Cancer & Capricorn. Cycle of rainy/dry seasons dictated by monsoons. i. Between Tropics of Cancer & Capricorn. Cycle of rainy/dry seasons dictated by monsoons. ii. Some parts of zone get ample rainfall; others arid (like Sahara). Altitude also affects climate. Major rivers carry water from mts. ii. Some parts of zone get ample rainfall; others arid (like Sahara). Altitude also affects climate. Major rivers carry water from mts.

b. Human Ecosystems i. Human societies adapted to fit different ecological zones. In some areas, agricultural & herding economies were unnecessary due to ample food. i. Human societies adapted to fit different ecological zones. In some areas, agricultural & herding economies were unnecessary due to ample food. ii. Arid areas relied on herding & supplemental trade with settled agriculturalists. ii. Arid areas relied on herding & supplemental trade with settled agriculturalists. iii. In areas w/ ample water supplies, intensive agriculture transformed environment & led to dense populations. Slash & burn farming common. iii. In areas w/ ample water supplies, intensive agriculture transformed environment & led to dense populations. Slash & burn farming common.

c. Water Systems & Irrigation i. Uneven distribution of rainfall during year. In order to have year-round access for agriculture, farming societies constructed dams, irrigation canals, & reservoirs. i. Uneven distribution of rainfall during year. In order to have year-round access for agriculture, farming societies constructed dams, irrigation canals, & reservoirs. ii. India, Cambodia, Sri Lanka: gov’ts built irrigation/water-control projects. Production increased, but vulnerable to natural disaster & political disruption. Smaller, village-level systems easier to reconstruct & provided greater long-term stability. ii. India, Cambodia, Sri Lanka: gov’ts built irrigation/water-control projects. Production increased, but vulnerable to natural disaster & political disruption. Smaller, village-level systems easier to reconstruct & provided greater long-term stability.

d. Mineral Resources i. Iron used for agricultural implements, weapons, & needles. Copper (esp. Africa) for wire/decorative objects. Africa also known for gold. i. Iron used for agricultural implements, weapons, & needles. Copper (esp. Africa) for wire/decorative objects. Africa also known for gold. ii. Metal-working & food-producing used ordinary people to produce surpluses to support states & commercial systems. ii. Metal-working & food-producing used ordinary people to produce surpluses to support states & commercial systems.

II. New Islamic Empires

a. Mali in the Western Sudan i. Islam spread to sub-Saharan Africa by a process of peaceful conversion facilitated by commercial contacts.i. Islam spread to sub-Saharan Africa by a process of peaceful conversion facilitated by commercial contacts. ii. 1240: Sundiata (Muslim Malinke leader) established Mali. Economy based on agriculture & supplemented by control of regional & trans-Saharan trade routes & control of Niger R. gold mines.ii. 1240: Sundiata (Muslim Malinke leader) established Mali. Economy based on agriculture & supplemented by control of regional & trans-Saharan trade routes & control of Niger R. gold mines. iii. Mansa Kankan Musa ( ) demonstrated wealth on pilgrimage to Mecca. Upon return, established mosques & Quranic schools.iii. Mansa Kankan Musa ( ) demonstrated wealth on pilgrimage to Mecca. Upon return, established mosques & Quranic schools. iv. Mali declined & collapsed in mid-late 15th century because of internal rebellions & external attacks. Intellectual life & trade moved to Hausa states & Kanem-Bornu.iv. Mali declined & collapsed in mid-late 15th century because of internal rebellions & external attacks. Intellectual life & trade moved to Hausa states & Kanem-Bornu.

b. The Delhi Sultanate in India i : divided NW Indian states conquered by Sultan Iltutmish, who established Muslim Delhi Sultanate. Muslim elite ruled fairly peacefully, but Hindus never forgave violent conquest. i : divided NW Indian states conquered by Sultan Iltutmish, who established Muslim Delhi Sultanate. Muslim elite ruled fairly peacefully, but Hindus never forgave violent conquest. ii. Iltutmish passed throne to daughter, Raziya. Talented, but driven out by men who could not accept a female ruler. Ala-ud-din & Muhammad ibn Tughluq had policy of aggressive territorial expansion & (Tughluq) religious toleration of Hindus (later reversed). ii. Iltutmish passed throne to daughter, Raziya. Talented, but driven out by men who could not accept a female ruler. Ala-ud-din & Muhammad ibn Tughluq had policy of aggressive territorial expansion & (Tughluq) religious toleration of Hindus (later reversed). iii. Generally, Delhi sultans ruled by terror & were a burden on subjects. Mid-14th cen., internal rivalries & external threats undermined stability. Sultanate destroyed by Timur in iii. Generally, Delhi sultans ruled by terror & were a burden on subjects. Mid-14th cen., internal rivalries & external threats undermined stability. Sultanate destroyed by Timur in 1398.

III. Indian Ocean Trade

a. Monsoon Mariners i. Indian Ocean trade increased , stimulated by prosperity of Latin Eur., Asian, & African states & 14th-cen. collapse of overland trade routes. i. Indian Ocean trade increased , stimulated by prosperity of Latin Eur., Asian, & African states & 14th-cen. collapse of overland trade routes. ii. Red & Arabian seas, dhows. India to SE Asia, junks. ii. Red & Arabian seas, dhows. India to SE Asia, junks.

iii. Junks were tech. advanced, w/ watertight compartments, up to 12 sails, & cargoes up to 1000 tons. Developed in China, also built & sailed by Bengal & SE Asia. iii. Junks were tech. advanced, w/ watertight compartments, up to 12 sails, & cargoes up to 1000 tons. Developed in China, also built & sailed by Bengal & SE Asia. iv. Trade decentralized & cooperative, w/ different regional goods. Each region had a port as the major emporium for trade, consolidating & shipping goods from smaller ports. iv. Trade decentralized & cooperative, w/ different regional goods. Each region had a port as the major emporium for trade, consolidating & shipping goods from smaller ports.

b. Africa: The Swahili Coast & Zimbabwe i. By 1500, trading city-states on E. African coast. “Swahili” people spoke African language w/ Persian & Arabic influences. i. By 1500, trading city-states on E. African coast. “Swahili” people spoke African language w/ Persian & Arabic influences. ii. Cities like Kilwa famous for exporting gold mined in/around Great Zimbabwe. ii. Cities like Kilwa famous for exporting gold mined in/around Great Zimbabwe. iii. Great Zimbabwe’s economy based on agriculture, cattle-herding, & trade. Decline due to ecological crisis brought on by deforestation & overgrazing. iii. Great Zimbabwe’s economy based on agriculture, cattle-herding, & trade. Decline due to ecological crisis brought on by deforestation & overgrazing.

c. Arabia: Aden & the Red Sea i. Aden: enough rain for wheat & location as central transit point for trade from Persian Gulf, E. Africa, & Egypt. Merchants prospered & built wealthy city. i. Aden: enough rain for wheat & location as central transit point for trade from Persian Gulf, E. Africa, & Egypt. Merchants prospered & built wealthy city. ii. Common interest in trade allowed various peoples & religions of Indian Ocean basin to live in peace. Occasional violence, such as Christian Ethiopia vs. Muslims of Red Sea coast over trade. ii. Common interest in trade allowed various peoples & religions of Indian Ocean basin to live in peace. Occasional violence, such as Christian Ethiopia vs. Muslims of Red Sea coast over trade.

d. India: Gujarat & the Malabar Coast i. Gujarat prospered, exporting cotton textiles & indigo in exchange for gold & silver. Manufactured textiles, leather goods, carpets, silk, etc. Overseas trade dominated by Muslims, but Hindus benefited. i. Gujarat prospered, exporting cotton textiles & indigo in exchange for gold & silver. Manufactured textiles, leather goods, carpets, silk, etc. Overseas trade dominated by Muslims, but Hindus benefited. ii. Calicut & cities of Malabar Coast exported cotton textiles & spices & were clearing-houses for long-distance trade. Cities unified in a loose confederation whose rulers tolerated other religious & ethnic groups. ii. Calicut & cities of Malabar Coast exported cotton textiles & spices & were clearing-houses for long-distance trade. Cities unified in a loose confederation whose rulers tolerated other religious & ethnic groups.

e. SE Asia: the Rise of Malacca i. Strait of Malacca is the principle passage between Indian Ocean & S. China Sea. 14th cen., Chinese pirates preyed on strait (strait nominally controlled by Javan Majapahit kingdom). i. Strait of Malacca is the principle passage between Indian Ocean & S. China Sea. 14th cen., Chinese pirates preyed on strait (strait nominally controlled by Javan Majapahit kingdom). ii. 1407: Ming dynasty crushed pirates. Muslim ruler of Malacca then took over strait & made Malacca a major port & trade center. ii. 1407: Ming dynasty crushed pirates. Muslim ruler of Malacca then took over strait & made Malacca a major port & trade center.

IV. Social & Cultural Change

a. Architecture, Learning, & Religion i. Commercial contacts & spread of Islam led to social & cultural changes; local cultures incorporated & changed ideas, customs, & architecture from other civs. Ex.: African & Indian mosques blend ME & local styles. Ethiopia: native tradition of rock carving led to 11 churches carved from solid rock. i. Commercial contacts & spread of Islam led to social & cultural changes; local cultures incorporated & changed ideas, customs, & architecture from other civs. Ex.: African & Indian mosques blend ME & local styles. Ethiopia: native tradition of rock carving led to 11 churches carved from solid rock.

ii. Spread of Islam brought literacy to African peoples who learned Arabic & then used script to write local languages. India already literate, but new Persian-influenced language (Urdu) & papermaking. ii. Spread of Islam brought literacy to African peoples who learned Arabic & then used script to write local languages. India already literate, but new Persian-influenced language (Urdu) & papermaking.

iii. Islam also brought Islamic law & administration, Greek science, math, & medicine. Timbuktu, Delhi, & Malacca centers of learning. iii. Islam also brought Islamic law & administration, Greek science, math, & medicine. Timbuktu, Delhi, & Malacca centers of learning. iv. Islam spread peacefully. Domination of trade contributed to spread; merchants attracted by moral code & laws converted & Muslims in foreign lands converted wives & servants. Destruction of last Buddhist center in India contributed to Islam there. iv. Islam spread peacefully. Domination of trade contributed to spread; merchants attracted by moral code & laws converted & Muslims in foreign lands converted wives & servants. Destruction of last Buddhist center in India contributed to Islam there. v. Social & cultural changes to converted communities, but Islam changed too, in India, Africa, & Indonesia. v. Social & cultural changes to converted communities, but Islam changed too, in India, Africa, & Indonesia.

b. Social & Gender Distinctions i. Gap between elites & commoners widened as elites prospered from trade. i. Gap between elites & commoners widened as elites prospered from trade. ii. Slavery increased in Africa & India. ~2.5 million Africans exported across Sahara & Red Sea, & more from Swahili coast. ii. Slavery increased in Africa & India. ~2.5 million Africans exported across Sahara & Red Sea, & more from Swahili coast. iii. Most slaves had specific skills; hereditary military slaves could be rich & powerful. Others had hard, menial labor (copper mining) or (esp. women) were household servants or entertainers. Large # meant low cost. iii. Most slaves had specific skills; hereditary military slaves could be rich & powerful. Others had hard, menial labor (copper mining) or (esp. women) were household servants or entertainers. Large # meant low cost.

iv. Women’s status: Speculation that restrictions on women were eased in Hindu societies. Early arranged marriage for Indian women, w/ strict rules of fidelity & chastity. iv. Women’s status: Speculation that restrictions on women were eased in Hindu societies. Early arranged marriage for Indian women, w/ strict rules of fidelity & chastity. v. Women’s status derived from male masters. Skills in addition to child- rearing: cooking, brewing, farm work, spinning. v. Women’s status derived from male masters. Skills in addition to child- rearing: cooking, brewing, farm work, spinning. vi. Impact of Islam hard to determine. In some places (ex., Mali), women not veiled/secluded. vi. Impact of Islam hard to determine. In some places (ex., Mali), women not veiled/secluded.

V. Western Hemisphere

 A. Aztecs  1. Northern people w/ a clan-based society; migrated to Lake Texcoco. Established Tenochtitlan & Tlatelolco ~1325. Developed monarchical system; council chooses king, who must conquer territory to prove mandate. Last king: Montezuma II.  2. Wealth & power grew through territorial conquest. Commoners lost political influence; inequalities in wealth grew.  3. Agricultural production in capital region grew with land reclamation, irrigated fields, and chinampas. Grain & food tributes met almost 1/4 of capital’s needs. Chocolate, chiles, vanilla…

4. Merchant class ranked below elite. Long- distance trade carried out; goods carried by human porters and exchanged with barter (no beasts of burden or money). 4. Merchant class ranked below elite. Long- distance trade carried out; goods carried by human porters and exchanged with barter (no beasts of burden or money). 5. Many gods, including Huitzilopochtli (Sun). Required a diet of human hearts, so thousands of sacrifices annually (POWs & tribute from conquered peoples provided victims). 5. Many gods, including Huitzilopochtli (Sun). Required a diet of human hearts, so thousands of sacrifices annually (POWs & tribute from conquered peoples provided victims).

 B. Inca  1. Began as small chiefdom in Cuzco. 1430s: Leaders consolidated political authority & began military expansion. By 1525, empire.  2. Key to wealth: developed/used military to broaden & expand Andean exchange network. Used mit’a for army, to build capital, maintain religious institutions, & provide for old/weak/ill.  3. Local rulers were controlled by military garrisons and their heirs were held hostage in Cuzco. Imperial bureaucracy led by king (Inca). Each king had to conquer territory.

 4. Cuzco laid out like puma. Stonework w/out mortar. Palaces & temples used for rituals, feasts, & sacrifices of textiles, animals, other goods, & humans (mummies found). Used llama/alpaca for pack animals & meat/wool. Khipu used for recordkeeping.  5. Known for astronomy, weaving, copper/bronze metallurgy, gold/silverwork. (Not new technology; refined existing techniques to increase profits.)  6. Wealth increased & local autonomy decreased. Civil war in 1545 weakened gov’t & control over territories.

V. Conclusion a , tropical Africans & Asians saw increased trade, exchange of ideas, & spread of Islam.a , tropical Africans & Asians saw increased trade, exchange of ideas, & spread of Islam. b. Behind changes & wealth of urban merchant societies lay the more stable world of villages & long- established customs.b. Behind changes & wealth of urban merchant societies lay the more stable world of villages & long- established customs.