the study of the distribution and interaction of physical and human features on earth.

the study of WHERE things are and WHY they are there. ( spatial perspective)

perspective- a way of looking at things

Geography Earth To write The study of where and why human activities are located where they are (i.e. religions, businesses, and cities) The study of where and why natural forces occur as they do (i.e. climates, landforms, and types of vegetation) Human Geography Physical Geography

Map- 2 dimensional or flat scale model of the Earth’s surface or a portion of it Map- 2 dimensional or flat scale model of the Earth’s surface or a portion of it Place- specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular characteristic Place- specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular characteristic Region- area of Earth distinguished by a distinctive combination of cultural and physical features Region- area of Earth distinguished by a distinctive combination of cultural and physical features Scale- relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and the Earth as a whole Scale- relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and the Earth as a whole Space- the gap between 2 objects Space- the gap between 2 objects Connections- relationships between people and space Connections- relationships between people and space

TitleOrientationDateAuthorLegendScale

Scale refers to the relationship of a feature’s size on a map to its actual size on earth. It is represented in three ways: – A ratio or fraction – A written scale – A graphic scale

This shows the numerical ratio between distances on the map and Earth’s surface. – 1:24,000 or 1/24,000 means that 1 unit (usually an inch) on the map represents 24,000 of the same unit on the ground. – This is also called the RF scale or representative fraction.

Topographic map showing RF scale

Describes the relation between map and Earth distances in words.

Usually a bar line marked to show distance on Earth’s surface.

Transferring locations on Earth’s surface to a flat map. Different projections show distortion in: – Shape – Distance – Relative size – Direction

Pakistan Map of Kashmir India Map of Kashmir

Internet use 1996, 2001, 2007, 2015 Maps helps us visualize info

Pro: Useful in displaying information across oceans Con: Shows a larger proportion of water to land than actuality

Pro: shape is distorted and direction is consistent Con: area is extremely distorted towards the poles

Azimuthal and Goode’s Interrupted Homolosine Pro: Very little distortion to landmasses Con: Discontinuities in oceanic regions

Maps designed for a special purpose. Highway maps, population maps, etc…

Who uses Geography? CartographersArchitects Pilots

Who uses Geography? Fashion Designers Military & PoliticiansComputer Programmers Farmers

AKA System that accurately determines the precise position of an object or location on Earth 3 elements… Satellites in predetermined orbits by US military (24 in operation and 3 in reserve) Tracking stations to monitor and control the satellites A receiver that can locate at least 4 satellites, figure out distance to each, and pinpoint its location

GPS Satellite Tracks

1.Navigation 2.Emergency assistance to motorists in trouble 3.UPS and USPS

AKA A computer system that captures, stores, queries, analyzes and displays geographic information

The ability to add layers also allows geographers to calculate whether relationships between objects are significant of coincidental

Square, checkerboard or quilt pattern usually indicate agriculture (different greens equal different types of crops) Rivers, streams, and bayous appear as wavy lines (irregular, wavy=nature). If image has color, water is usually but not always colored blue or dark grey. Light grey = populations, development, urbanization (straight lines = infrastructure, man made) Brown, light tan is usually an indication of soil exposure (as in clearing for development, planting or natural settings such as deserts and beaches) Darker shades typically indicate thicker vegetation or deeper water Lighter shades typically indicate sparse vegetation or more shallow water (may also show soil erosion in water) “Reading” GIS Imagery Houston, Texas

Ex. Waco is about 180 miles northwest of Houston

Equator - 0°

Prime Meridian - 0°

What’s it like? (includes physical and human characteristics

Physical Examples: – Natural physical features that make this location unique – What are the significant landforms? – Climate? Animals?

Culture- people’s lifestyles, values, beliefs, & traits What people care about: language, religion, ethnicity What people take care of: – 1) daily necessities of survival (food, clothing, shelter) – 2) leisure activities (artistic expressions, recreation) Associations among phenomena in an area

List some ways the landscape/climate environment/ makes Houston unique List some unique cultural characteristics of Houston

How are places similar or different? What would you call the region we live in? END

How do people, goods, and ideas move from one location to another? Linear distance- how far across the earth a person, idea, or product travels Time distance- amount of time it takes a person, idea, or product to travel Psychological distance- the way people view distance

How do we modify/change our environment or adapt to the environment? Houston Ship Channel Mountain in Alaska

Terrace farming

coa.edu/gislab/gallery_img/international/India_atlas/pop_density_medres.jpgwelcometoindia.com/facts/indexfrm.asp?maps.asp?Physical Look at the physical map of India and India’s population density (how many people live in certain parts of the country.)

coa.edu/gislab/gallery_img/international/India_at las/pop_density_medres.jpg welcometoindia.com/facts/indexfrm.asp?maps.asp ?Physical Which pattern is best supported by the two maps? a. People tend to live near deserts and large mountain ranges. b. People tend to live at lower elevations on plains and the coasts. c. People tend to live near plateaus with rich soil to farm. d. People tend to live near the warmer climate of southern India.

coa.edu/gislab/gallery_img/international/India_at las/pop_density_medres.jpg welcometoindia.com/facts/indexfrm.asp?maps.asp ?Physical Which pattern is best supported by the two maps? a. Incorrect. Very few people live near deserts and large mountain ranges, although the physical map does show these features. b. Correct. People tend to live at lower elevations on plains and the coasts, and the physical map shows elevation. c. Incorrect. People tend to live near rich soil to farm wherever it is located; neither map shows kinds of soils. d. Incorrect. People tend to live in warmer climates, but neither map shows temperatures.

List 2 ways we MODIFY the environment of Houston 1 2 List 2 ways Houstonians ADAPT TO our environment 1 2

The Five Themes of Geography can be used to explain and identify virtually every space on the planet.

First look at your 5 themes of geography This is where you get your 5 questions when you are analyzing a photo – Where is it? Location – What’s it like? Place – How are the places similar or different? Region – How do people, goods, and ideas move from one location to another? Movement – How do people adapt to, or change/modify their environment? H.E.I.