The Restoration and the Eighteenth Century In your journals: Write down everything you know about the Restoration AKA the Enlightenment. Nothing? Write what you think the name implies.

Britain Through Daniel Defoe “There are seven groups in English society 1.The Great, who live profusely. 2.The Rich, who live plentifully. 3.The Middle Sort, who live well. 4.The Working Trades, who labor hard, but feel no want. 5.The Country People, Farmers, etc. who fare indifferently. 6.The Poor, that fare hard. 7.The Miserable, that really pinch and suffer want.” “There are seven groups in English society 1.The Great, who live profusely. 2.The Rich, who live plentifully. 3.The Middle Sort, who live well. 4.The Working Trades, who labor hard, but feel no want. 5.The Country People, Farmers, etc. who fare indifferently. 6.The Poor, that fare hard. 7.The Miserable, that really pinch and suffer want.”

Britain by 1660  Weary and suspicious of revolutionaries and radicals, ready to settle, make $, enjoy life  England likened itself to Augustan Rome: Both entered a period of calm and order after an era of political turmoil  1770’s: Britain lost US Colonies  King George III: “Nothing of importance happened today.” July 4th 1776  Weary and suspicious of revolutionaries and radicals, ready to settle, make $, enjoy life  England likened itself to Augustan Rome: Both entered a period of calm and order after an era of political turmoil  1770’s: Britain lost US Colonies  King George III: “Nothing of importance happened today.” July 4th 1776

The Restoration  AKA the “Age of Reason” and the “Enlightenment”  Charles I’s son recalled from exile, crowned Charles II  Natural phenomena explained scientifically  AKA the “Age of Reason” and the “Enlightenment”  Charles I’s son recalled from exile, crowned Charles II  Natural phenomena explained scientifically  Instead of “Why? What does this mean?” they asked “How?”  Example: Edmond Halley’s comet explained: predicted 76-year orbit

Changes  Under influence of Royal Society (group of philosophers to answer questions about universe) and John Dryden, English prose became more exact, precise and plain.  Religion: People began to question God’s influence, lead to Deism: God designed universe as perfect mechanism, which God had built and left to run on its own  Under influence of Royal Society (group of philosophers to answer questions about universe) and John Dryden, English prose became more exact, precise and plain.  Religion: People began to question God’s influence, lead to Deism: God designed universe as perfect mechanism, which God had built and left to run on its own

Political & Religious Conflict  Religion determined politics: Charles II established official church of England as Anglican church (still is today)  Other sects outlawed and persecuted, continued throughout 18th century  Charles’ Roman Catholic successor forced into exile, Protestant rule resumed with Mary and William of Orange  Religion determined politics: Charles II established official church of England as Anglican church (still is today)  Other sects outlawed and persecuted, continued throughout 18th century  Charles’ Roman Catholic successor forced into exile, Protestant rule resumed with Mary and William of Orange

Theater and Satire  Charles II reopened London theaters - female actors for the first time  Alexander Pope and Jonathan Swift regarded as most accomplished literary artists  Used satire to expose moral corruption and crass commercialism of England  Journalism increasingly important  Novels, meaning “new” became popular - women most eager readers  Charles II reopened London theaters - female actors for the first time  Alexander Pope and Jonathan Swift regarded as most accomplished literary artists  Used satire to expose moral corruption and crass commercialism of England  Journalism increasingly important  Novels, meaning “new” became popular - women most eager readers