The Enlightenment Chapter Six

The Enlightenment Introduction  What does it mean to be enlightened?  What is a revolution? List and explain events that you would think would happen during a revolution.  How has science helped your life? Give specific examples.  Why is education so important in our modern society

The Enlightenment – Why it matters now  Scientific advances are still used today  Scientific Method, use of vaccines  Freedoms we enjoy today are a result of the Enlightenment  Enlightenment arts and music are still expressed today  Novels and classical music  Tension between religious and scientific communities still exist today

An Overview of the 18th Century  Political History   Political History  Reform  Intellectual History    Intellectual History  Newtonian Physics  Reason  Cultural History   Cultural History  Individualism  Social History    Social History  Increased Literacy  Age of Aristocracy  Economic History   Economic History  Mercantilism to Capitalism

I. The Scientific Revolution  Roots of Modern Science  Most knowledge during the Middle Ages came from the Bible, Greeks, and Romans  Supported the geocentric theory  New Way of Thinking  Renaissance challenges long held beliefs  New ways of viewing the world  Based on observation and inquiry  Exploration opens up thinking

The Heliocentric Theory  Copernicus develops the heliocentric theory – planets revolve around the sun  His theory is proven correct  Galileo makes advances in astronomy  Supports the heliocentric theory  Catholic Church attacks heliocentric theory  Fears it will weaken people’s faith  Pope forces Galileo to declare his work wrong

Copernicus and his Theory

Galileo

Johannes Kepler  The work of Johannes Kepler proved beyond doubt that Copernicus’s theories were mathematically correct

The Scientific Method  The Scientific Method  Series of steps for forming and testing scientific theories  Thinkers Bacon and Descartes help to create the Scientific Method

Scientific Discoveries  Isaac Newton  Theory of motion  Law of gravity

Scientific Discoveries  Andreas Vesalius  Improves knowledge on anatomy

Scientific Discoveries  Edward Jenner  Produces the world’s first vaccine – smallpox

Scientific Discoveries  Robert Boyle  Interaction between volume, temperature, and gas pressure (Boyle’s Law)

The Enlightenment causes an increase in Education

Chemistry Labs & Botany Gardens

Natural History Collections Cocoa plant drawing Sir Hans Sloane ( ) Collected from Jamaica

Zoology & Biology A dissection at the Royal Academy, London

II. The Enlightenment in Europe

 Views on Government  Old way of thinking – absolute monarchy  New way of thinking – democratic ideas  Europeans seek insight into society  People reassess many prevailing ideas

Hobbes and Locke  Thomas Hobbes (Leviathan)  People are naturally greedy and selfish and should be treated as such  Favored a strong absolute monarchy  “Social Contract” – order by giving power to a monarch

Hobbes and Locke  John Locke (Two Treatises on Government)  Government must protect people’s “natural rights”  “Life, Liberty, and Property”  People have the right to overthrow an unjust government  Government gets power from the people

The Philosophes  The Philosophes  French social critics in the mid 1700s  They valued reason, nature, progress, & liberty  Wrote essays and novels on politics and society  Philosophes were not activists, but inspired others

The Philosophes  Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet)  Imprisoned twice for his views  Champion of freedom of speech and religious toleration

The Philosophes  Rousseau  Favored individual freedom and direct democracy  Free people form a government (social contract) “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.”

The Philosophes  Montesquieu  Favored the separation of powers in government

The Philosophes  Mary Wollstonecraft  Wrote “A Vindication of the Rights of Women” (1792)  Went against Rousseau’s idea that women’s education is second to men’s  Her daughter wrote Frankenstein

Legacy of the Enlightenment  Scientific breakthroughs show the capacity to improve society  New knowledge leads people to question their governments and religion  People emphasize individual rights and abilities

III. The Enlightenment Spreads  The city of Paris was the center of the Enlightenment  Had many salons  Gatherings of the intellectual, social, political, and cultural elites  Discussions about ideas and philosophy  Denis Diderot – Encyclopedia  Set of books on Enlightenment ideas  Angers the French gov’t and Church  Spreads Enlightenment ideas throughout Europe

A Parisian Salon

Madame Geoffrin and her Salon

Denis Diderot

Private collections were the original museums

New Artistic Styles  Music  More elegant and lighter  Mozart and Beethoven  Painting  Baroque style ( s)  Grand and ornate design  Neoclassical style (late 1700s)  Simple elegant style borrowed ideas from ancient Rome and Greece  Literature  Novels and works of fiction  Richardson’s “Pamela” the first true English novel

Beethoven

Mozart

Baroque

Neoclassical

Enlightenment Literature  Books were very expensive  About one day’s pay  Many people would share literature  Novels, plays, journals, newspapers, and pamphlets

Important Literature Works

Enlightenment and Monarchy  Enlightened Despots  Monarchs who embrace Enlightenment ideas and values to strengthen their rule

Enlightened Despots  Frederick the Great of Prussia  Reforms education and justice system  Grants religious freedom, abolishes torture  Fails to end serfdom

Enlightened Despots  Joseph II of Austria  Freedom of worship and the press  Abolishes serfdom (reinstated after his death)

Enlightened Despots  Catherine the Great of Russia  Expands Russian Empire (seizes Poland)  Gains port access thru Black Sea  Tries, but fails to:  Abolish capital punishment & torture  Reform the Legal System  Gives nobles more power over serfs  Serfs tried to revolt – Catherine brutally put it down

Catherine the Great

The Partition of Poland

Russian Expansion under Catherine

IV. The American Revolution  We are not discussing the American Revolution  This is why you take United States History I  THE END