Unit 7: Genetics

Unit standards: The student will investigate and understand common mechanisms of inheritance and protein synthesis, including d) predictions of inheritance of traits based on the Mendelian laws of inheritance; f) genetic variations. 5.d.f.

Unit 7: Essential Knowledge I can … explain why one gene will not have an effect on another gene when being passed on to offspring. explain and describe how Mendel’s laws are used in understanding genetics. tell what an organisms physical traits are (phenotype). describe what an organisms genetic makeup (genotype) is by looking at its physical makeup. explain how different forms of a gene (allele) can look alike (homozygous) or how they can be different (heterozygous). explain when one allele masks the effect of the other, that allele is called dominant, and the other one is recessive. use a Punnett Square to determine what the probability is of having certain offspring. identify the gametes will be given the genetic makeup of a gene. perform a dihybrid cross to determine the possible offspring with regards to two traits. read and interpret a Karyotype to identify the sex of a person and whether an abnormality exists. identify and describe situations that do not fall under Mendel’s Laws explain and create a diagram illustrating how genes are passed through out a family. (pedigree)

Unit vocab: punnett square, allele, gene, genotype, phenotype, heterozygous, homozygous, hybrid, recessive dominant, sex-linked traits, codominance, incomplete dominance, carrier, polygenic inheritance, non- disjunction, karyotype, mutation, pedigree, multiple alleles

CURRENT TARGET: I can explain why one gene will not have an effect on another gene when being passed on to offspring. HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES Pair of matching chromosomes, One being inherited from each parent.

GREGOR MENDEL “Father of Genetics” Studied inheritance in pea plants Came up with three laws CURRENT TARGET: I can explain and describe how Mendel’s laws are used in understanding genetics.

1.LAW OF DOMINANCE One trait masks the effects of another 2. LAW OF SEGREGATION Two alleles for each trait will separate during the formation of gametes (egg and sperm cell) 3. LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT Each trait (or gene) is inherited independently of other traits. CURRENT TARGET: I can explain and describe how Mendel’s laws are used in understanding genetics.

CURRENT TARGET: I can explain when one allele masks the effect of the other, allele is dominant, and the other one is recessive. 1. LAW OF DOMINANCE

CURRENT TARGET: I can explain when one allele masks the effect of the other, allele is dominant, and the other one is recessive. 2. LAW OF SEGREGATION

CURRENT TARGET: I can explain when one allele masks the effect of the other, allele is dominant, and the other one is recessive. 3. LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

CURRENT TARGET: I can tell what an organisms physical traits are (phenotype) PHENOTYPES: The way the organism looks CURRENT TARGET: I can describe what an organisms genetic makeup (genotype) is by looking at its physical makeup. GENOTYPES: The combination of alleles (letters) in the organism

CURRENT TARGET: I can explain how different forms of a gene (allele) can look different (heterozygous) and look alike (homozygous). HOMOZYGOUS OR HETEROZYGOUS? 1.WW 2.Ww 3.RR 4.rr 5.Ss 6.tt Homozygous Dominant Heterozygous Homozygous Recessive

CURRENT TARGET: I can use a Punnett Square to determine what the probability is of having certain offspring. LEAVE TWO LINES PER ROW Genotype Symbol Genotype Vocabulary Phenotype RR Rr rr Homozygous (pure) DOMINANT Heterozygous hybrid carrier Homozygous (pure) RECESSIVE Round Wrinkled

CURRENT TARGET: I can use a Punnett Square to determine what the probability is of having certain offspring. DRAW A SQUARE AND DIVIDE INTO FOUR BOXES Fill in genotypes of parents Parent #1 on top of box Parent #2 on side of box Black fur is dominant over white fur B = Black (dominant allele) b = White (recessive allele) Cross a homozygous black fur with white fur Parent #1 = BB Parent #2 = bb

Steps to Make a Punnett Square Parent 1 = Parent 2 = BB B B b b b b B B B B b b bb All Black Fur CURRENT TARGET: I can use a Punnett Square to determine what the probability is of having certain offspring.

Parent 1 = Parent 2 = Bb B b B b B b BB Bb bb CURRENT TARGET: I can use a Punnett Square to determine what the probability is of having certain offspring.

B = Black fur b = White fur Bb Bb b b bb CURRENT TARGET: I can use a Punnett Square to determine what the probability is of having certain offspring.

T = Tall t = Short tt t t T T Tt TT CURRENT TARGET: I can use a Punnett Square to determine what the probability is of having certain offspring.

F = Free f = Attached Ff F f F f ff Ff CURRENT TARGET: I can use a Punnett Square to determine what the probability is of having certain offspring.

Comparing similar groups using numbers Genotypic Ratio (three numbers) Compares the genotypes of offspring Order: Phenotypic Ratio (two numbers) Compares what offspring look like Order: # Homozygous Dominant # Heterozygous # Homozygous Recessive ________________ : ____________________ : _________________ # Looks Dominant # Looks Recessive ________________ : _________________

Genotypic Ratio ___ : ___ : ___ Phenotypic Ratio ___ : ___ (YY)(Yy)(yy) (Yellow)(Green) CURRENT TARGET: I can use a Punnett Square to determine what the probability is of having certain offspring.

CURRENT TARGET: I can identify the gametes given the genetic makeup. Before any parent makes babies … parents makes gametes. The gametes will be one possible “letter” Parent that is “Homozygous Dominant” each gamete would be “B” MONOHYBRID CROSSES

CURRENT TARGET: I can perform a dihybrid cross to determine the possible offspring with regards to two traits.

What is the genotype for the square that is colored in? What is the phenotype of the square that is colored in? AaBB Green and Smooth Green and Smooth: Green and Rough: Yellow and Smooth: Yellow and Rough 9:3:3:1

2 Round Wrinkled Yellow Green CURRENT TARGET: I can perform a dihybrid cross to determine the possible offspring with regards to two traits.

Round Yellow Round Green Wrinkled Green CURRENT TARGET: I can perform a dihybrid cross to determine the possible offspring with regards to two traits.

RY RyrY ry RY Ry rY ry RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy Rryy RRYy RRyy RrYYRrYy Rryy rrYYrrYy rryy CURRENT TARGET: I can perform a dihybrid cross to determine the possible offspring with regards to two traits.

Phenotypic Ratio :: : CURRENT TARGET: I can perform a dihybrid cross to determine the possible offspring with regards to two traits.

Tall (T) is Dominant over Short (t) / Round (R) is Dominant to Wrinkled (r) TTRR ttrr TR tr CURRENT TARGET: I can perform a dihybrid cross to determine the possible offspring with regards to two traits.

TR tr TtRr 16/16 0/16 CURRENT TARGET: I can perform a dihybrid cross to determine the possible offspring with regards to two traits.

Tall (T) is Dominant over Short (t) / Yellow (Y) is Dominant to Green (y) TTYy TtYy TYTyTYTyTYTy tY ty CURRENT TARGET: I can perform a dihybrid cross to determine the possible offspring with regards to two traits.

TY Ty TY Ty tY ty TTYY TTYy TTyyTTYyTTyy TtYY TtYy Ttyy 12/16 4/16 0/16 CURRENT TARGET: I can perform a dihybrid cross to determine the possible offspring with regards to two traits.

MORE PRACTICE PROBLEMS … CURRENT TARGET: I can perform a dihybrid cross to determine the possible offspring with regards to two traits.

Round (R) Dominant to Wrinkled (r) / Purple (P) is Dominant to White (p) Rrpprrpp Rp rp CURRENT TARGET: I can perform a dihybrid cross to determine the possible offspring with regards to two traits.

rp Rp rp Rrpp rrpp 8/16 0/16 8/16 0/16 CURRENT TARGET: I can perform a dihybrid cross to determine the possible offspring with regards to two traits.

Gray Hair / Red Eyes White Hair / Black Eyes White Hair / Red Eyes Gray Hair / Black Eyes CURRENT TARGET: I can perform a dihybrid cross to determine the possible offspring with regards to two traits.

GgBb Ggbb CURRENT TARGET: I can perform a dihybrid cross to determine the possible offspring with regards to two traits.

GGBB GgBb GgBBGgBb GGBb GGbb GgBb Ggbb GgBB GGBb ggBB ggBb GgBbGgbbggBbggbb

GgBB GgBb Ggbb

GgBB GgBb Ggbb CURRENT TARGET: I can perform a dihybrid cross to determine the possible offspring with regards to two traits.

CURRENT TARGET: I can read and interpret a Karyotype to identify the sex of person and whether an abnormality exists. Genetic disorders resulting from too many or too few chromosomes include: Turner Syndrome (X) Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)

CURRENT TARGET: I can identify and describe situations that do not fall under Mendel’s Law’s (5). Multiple alleles: When there are different alleles for a trait, such as the ABO blood type Co-dominance: Situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism Incomplete dominance: When two different alleles are present and the phenotype is a blending of the two traits Sex linked: A trait that travels on the X chromosome Polygenic inheritance: When many genes are involved in a trait such as human skin color

CURRENT TARGET: I can explain how human blood typing is an example of using multiple gene forms (alleles) known as multiple alleles. Multiple alleles: When there are different alleles for a trait, such as the ABO blood type

CURRENT TARGET: I can explain how human blood typing is an example of using multiple gene forms (alleles) known as multiple alleles. Multiple alleles: When there are different alleles for a trait, such as the ABO blood type

CURRENT TARGET: I can identify and describe situations when both forms of a gene are seen in the physical characteristics (co-dominance). Co-dominance: Situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism

CURRENT TARGET: I can identify and describe why different forms of a gene can create a whole new physical appearances such as in flowers. (incomplete dominance). Incomplete dominance: When two different alleles are present and the phenotype is a blending of the two traits

In plants known as “four o’clocks”, the allele for the dominant red flower color is designated as ‘F’ and is incompletely dominant over the allele for white flowers ‘f’. A horticulturist allows several heterozygous pink flowered four o’clocks to self pollinate and collects 200 seeds. Draw a Punnett square for the cross and then identify the flower color phenotypes and theoretical percentage, and number of plants expected from these seeds. CURRENT TARGET: I can identify and describe why different forms of a gene can create a whole new physical appearances such as in flowers. (incomplete dominance).

Co-dominance: Situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism Incomplete dominance: When two different alleles are present and the phenotype is a blending of the two traits

CURRENT TARGET: I can identify and describe situations such as sex-linked traits such as colorblindness. Recessive sex-linked traits are more common than dominant Males are more susceptible to sex-linked conditions than females

CURRENT TARGET: I can identify and describe situations such as sex-linked traits such as colorblindness. Colorblindness: more common in males than females Hemophilia: more common in males than females Both colorblindness and Hemophilia are recessive traits

CURRENT TARGET: I can identify and describe situations such as sex-linked traits such as colorblindness. Sex linked: A trait that travels on the X chromosome Mrs. Eryth is carrier of the sex-linked hemophilia allele, and Mr. Eryth is normal (as far as blood chemistry goes). A. Draw a Punnet square that shows the theoretical genotypes and phenotypes among their children. B. They actually have 4 male and 4 female children; how many of each sex would be expected to be hemophiliacs, carriers, and normal? # hemophiliac#carrier# normal  : _____ _____ _____  : _____ _____ _____ C. Is it more likely that Mrs. Eryth obtained the hemophilia allele from her mother or father? Why?

CURRENT TARGET: I can explain how some traits are controlled by multiple genes (polygenic inheritance). Polygenic inheritance: When many genes are involved in a trait such as human skin color

CURRENT TARGET: I can explain and create a diagram illustrating how genes are passed through out a family. A chart that shows how a trait is passed through several generations of a family

Make a chart with 8 rows Make 2 lines per row CURRENT TARGET: I can explain and create a diagram illustrating how genes are passed through out a family.

Pg. 81 Male CURRENT TARGET: I can explain and create a diagram illustrating how genes are passed through out a family.

Pg. 81 Female CURRENT TARGET: I can explain and create a diagram illustrating how genes are passed through out a family.

Marriage CURRENT TARGET: I can explain and create a diagram illustrating how genes are passed through out a family.

Offspring CURRENT TARGET: I can explain and create a diagram illustrating how genes are passed through out a family.

orPerson with the trait CURRENT TARGET: I can explain and create a diagram illustrating how genes are passed through out a family.

or Heterozygous for the trait (carrier) CURRENT TARGET: I can explain and create a diagram illustrating how genes are passed through out a family.

Roman Numerals (I, II, III) Generations

P. 81 Arabic Numbers (1, 2, 3, 4) Individuals

P. 81