Technology in Action Alan Evans Kendall Martin Mary Anne Poatsy 11th Edition ISBN: (District wide)ISBN-10: ISBN-13: Kindle and e-book versions are available online, and in the bookstore.

Technology in Action Technology in Focus: The History of the PC Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 9/history_personal_computer/index.html

In the beginning...

Information-Processing Machine Input data Process & store data Output information

Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea The computer's versatility is built upon its:  Hardware: The physical part  Software: The instructions that tells hardware how to transform the input data (information in a form it can read) into the necessary output

Hollerith Tabulating Machine Created by Herman Hollerith in 1890 for U.S. Census Bureau to tabulate census data Automatically read data that had been punched onto small punch cards In 1896, Hollerith started the Tabulating Machine Company, which later became International Business Machines, or IBM 5 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Pascalene Calculator The first accurate mechanical calculator Created by Blaise Pascal in 1642 Used revolutions of gears to count by tens Could be used to add, subtract, multiply, and divide Basic design used in mechanical calculators for 300 years 6 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Jacquard Loom Created by Joseph Jacquard Revolutionized fabric industry Used stiff cards with punched holes to automate process of weaving complex patterns Much later, process adopted to record and read data using punch cards in computers 7 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Babbage’s Engines Analytical Engine, 1834 –Designed by Charles Babbage –The first automatic calculator –Based on Difference Engine –Never developed –Drawings and descriptions include components similar to those found in today's computers –Ada Lovelace described Babbage’s Engines 8 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

The scientists and mathematicians who designed and built the first working computers: The First Real Computers Konrad Zuse Alan Turing John Atanasoff Howard Aiken Mauchly & Eckert

Z1 and Atanasoff-Berry Computer Z1, 1936 –Created by Konrad Zuse –A mechanical calculator –Included a control unit and separate memory functions –Important breakthrough for future computer design ABC, 1939 –Created by John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry –The first electrically powered digital computer –Used vacuum tubes to store data –First computer to use the binary system 10 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Harvard Mark I Created by Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper –Aiken designed the computer –Hopper did the programming Used by the U.S. Navy for ballistic and gunnery calculations Hopper’s greatest contributions: –Inventing the compiler –Coining the term computer bug Actual moth pasted into notebook 11 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Turing Machine Created by Alan Turing in 1936 Abstract computer model that could perform logical operations Hypothetical model that mathematically defined a mechanical procedure Concept of an infinite tape that could be read, written to, and erased was precursor to today’s RAM 12 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

ENIAC 13 Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer placed in operation in 1944 –Created by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert –First successful high-speed electronic digital computer - ENIAC was big and clumsy - Used 18,000 vacuum tubes - Filled 1,800 square feet Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

UNIVAC Universal Automatic Computer, 1951 –First commercially successful electronic digital computer manufactured by Remington Rand –Operated on magnetic tape not punch cards –Considered first generation computer –Last to use vacuum tubes to store data 14 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Generations of Computers First-generation computers (1930s–1958)First-generation computers (1930s–1958) UNIVACUNIVAC Use vacuum tubes to store dataUse vacuum tubes to store data Second-generation computers (1959–1964)Second-generation computers (1959–1964) Use transistors to store dataUse transistors to store data Third-generation computers (1965–1970)Third-generation computers (1965–1970) Use integrated circuitsUse integrated circuits Fourth-generation computers (1971–Today)Fourth-generation computers (1971–Today) Use a microprocessor chipUse a microprocessor chip

Transistors and Beyond Transistors, 1945 –Invented at Bell Laboratories –Replaced vacuum tubes Integrated circuits, 1958 –Invented by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments –Small chip containing thousands of transistors –Enabled computers to become smaller and lighter 16 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Microprocessor Chip Introduced by Intel Corporation in 1971 Small chip containing millions of transistors Functions as the central processing unit (CPU) Intel and Motorola became leading manufactures of microprocessors 17 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

YearTransistors , , , , , ™ , ™ DX 19891,180,000 Pentium®19933,100,000 Pentium II 19977,500,000 Pentium III ,000,000 Pentium ,000,000 Core 2 Duo ,000,000 Core 2 Quad ,000,000 Do not memorize

The Apple I and II Built by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak Operating system stored in ROM 19 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Altair – debut of first personal computer –Sold as a kit -- $395 –Switches for input –Lights for output Bill Gates and Paul Allen were among the first owners –Wrote compiling program for the Altair 20 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Apple I and Apple II Apple I Built by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak Used Motorola processor Apple II was first fully contained microcomputer Apple II Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Enter the Competition Apple’s success fostered comApple’s success fostered competition 22 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Enter the Competition The Osborne: The Birth of Portable Computing 23 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Introduced in 1981Introduced in 1981 Weighed 24.5 poundsWeighed 24.5 pounds 5 inch screen5 inch screen Cost $1,795Cost $1,795 Overnight successOvernight success Compaq bought Osborne in 1983Compaq bought Osborne in 1983

Enter the Competition IBM PCs Prior to 1980: known for mainframesPrior to 1980: known for mainframes 1981: Entered1981: Entered small-computer market with IBM PC – –Sold at retail outlets (Sears) –Quickly dominated the market –January 1983 Time magazine named PC “1982 Machine of the Year” 24 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

IBM PCs IBM PC –64 KB of memory, expandable to 256 KB –Started at $1,565 –Sold at retail outlets such as Sears and Computerland 25 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Other Important Advancements Computer hardware was developing Other advances in: – –Programming languages – –Operating systems – –Application software Led to more useful and powerful machines 26 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Other Important Advancements The Importance of BASIC Programming languages in the 1950sProgramming languages in the 1950s –FORTRAN, ALGOL, and COBOL –Used mainly by businesses –Used to create financial, statistical, and engineering programs 27 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Other Important Advancements The Importance of BASIC (cont.) Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC)Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC) –Introduced in 1964 –Revolutionized software industry –Easily learned by beginning programmers –Became key language for PC –Led to creation of Microsoft 28 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Other Important Advancements Advent of Operating Systems Early programs and data saved on audiocassettes Programs needed to be rewritten each timePrograms needed to be rewritten each time 5.25″ floppy disk drive introduced in 1978 Programs could be savedPrograms could be saved –Operating systems could be developed 29 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Other Important Advancements Advent of Operating Systems (cont.) Operating systems coordinate with specific processor chipOperating systems coordinate with specific processor chip – –Apple computers—Motorola chips: Disk Operating System (DOS) (1977) – –PCs—Intel 8080 chips: Control Program for Microcomputers (CP/M) 30 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Other Important Advancements Advent of Operating Systems (cont.) 1980: Microsoft developed MS-DOS – –Operating system for IBM PCs –Developed –Developed by Gates and Allen – –PCs using Intel chip used MS-DOS –Microsoft’s reign had begun 31 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Other Important Advancements Software Application Explosion 32 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Other Important Advancements Software Application Explosion: VisiCalc and Beyond Spreadsheets VisiCalc (1978) Lotus (1983) Microsoft Excel (1985) Word Processing WordStar (1979) WordPerfect (1980) Word for MS-DOS (1983) 33 Including disk drives in personal computers set off an explosion of software applications Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Graphical User Interface Graphical User Interface (GUI) allowed easier interaction with computer Command- or menu-driven interfaces used previouslyCommand- or menu-driven interfaces used previously GUI not invented by computer company Apple was first company to take commercial advantage of GUIApple was first company to take commercial advantage of GUI 34 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Graphical User Interface Xerox: Birth of the GUI Xerox Alto (1972) Introduced “What You See Is What You Get” (WYSIWYG) File management system with directories and foldersFile management system with directories and folders Mouse and network connectivityMouse and network connectivity Never sold commerciallyNever sold commercially 35 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Graphical User Interface The Lisa and the Macintosh Apple Lisa (1983) –First successful PC using GUI –Windows, drop-down menus, icons, a file system with folders and files –Very expensive Apple Macintosh (1984)Apple Macintosh (1984) –1/3 cost of Lisa –Introduced 3½-inch floppy disk 36 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Internet Boom 1993: Mosaic browser introduced1993: Mosaic browser introduced –Caused 350% increase in Internet traffic 1994: Netscape launched1994: Netscape launched 1995: Internet Explorer introduced by Microsoft1995: Internet Explorer introduced by Microsoft 1995: Windows 95—first Microsoft GUI OS1995: Windows 95—first Microsoft GUI OS 1998: Netscape became open source1998: Netscape became open source 37 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

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