1 Chapter 3 The Process of Science: Studying Animal Behavior  3.1 Biologists study behavior through observation and experiments  3.2 Experiments show that both genes and environment affect behavior  3.3 Learning is behavior based on experience  3.4 Social behaviors are important adaptations in many species

2 3.1 Biologists study behavior through observation and experiments Objectives Define animal behavior. Describe examples of studying behavior through observations and experiments. Distinguish between immediate and ultimate causes of behavior. Key Terms animal behavior animal behavior immediate cause immediate cause ultimate cause ultimate cause

3 3.1Define animal behavior Animal behavior—what an animal does as it interacts with its environment. Animal behavior—what an animal does as it interacts with its environment.nimal behaviornimal behavior Scientists rely on two approaches to explore life: discovery science (observation and careful description) and hypothesis-based science (testing explanations, usually with experiments) Scientists rely on two approaches to explore life: discovery science (observation and careful description) and hypothesis-based science (testing explanations, usually with experiments)

4 3.1Define animal behavior Observation- Observation- Jane Goodall chimps Experimentation- Experimentation-Tinbergen Digger Wasps Tinbergen used simple materials Tinbergen used simple materials —pine cones and stones— and a simple procedure. The results led him to conclude that digger wasps use a pattern of landmarks to find their nests.

5 3.1 Define animal behavior Tinbergen's studies looked for the immediate cause of the wasp's behavior— an explanation of the organism's immediate interactions with the environment Tinbergen's studies looked for the immediate cause of the wasp's behavior— an explanation of the organism's immediate interactions with the environmentimmediate causeimmediate cause But behavioral biologists also ask "why" questions— why do organisms behave as they do? Answering "why" questions involves finding the ultimate cause of a behavior—an explanation based on the organism's evolutionary adaptations But behavioral biologists also ask "why" questions— why do organisms behave as they do? Answering "why" questions involves finding the ultimate cause of a behavior—an explanation based on the organism's evolutionary adaptationsultimate causeultimate cause

6 3.2 Objectives Objectives Explain the term innate behavior. Explain the term innate behavior. Describe the influence of environmental cues on rhythmic behaviors. Describe the influence of environmental cues on rhythmic behaviors. Describe how both genes and experience can influence behavior. Describe how both genes and experience can influence behavior. Key Terms Key Terms innate behaviorinnate behaviorinnate behaviorinnate behavior fixed action patternfixed action patternfixed action patternfixed action pattern circadian rhythmcircadian rhythmcircadian rhythmcircadian rhythm

7 3.2 Explain the term innate behavior. Researchers have observed that digger wasps raised in isolation build nests in the same way as wasps raised among other wasps A behavior that is performed correctly by all individuals of a species, even if they have no previous experience with the behavior, is called an innate behavior. Researchers have observed that digger wasps raised in isolation build nests in the same way as wasps raised among other wasps A behavior that is performed correctly by all individuals of a species, even if they have no previous experience with the behavior, is called an innate behavior.innate behaviorinnate behavior

8 3.2 Explain the term innate behavior fixed action pattern fixed action pattern fixed action pattern fixed action pattern (abbreviated FAP)— an innate behavior that occurs as an that occurs as anUnchangeable sequence of actions sequence of actions

9 3.2 Explain the term innate behavior This type of innate This type of innate rhythm with a cycle of about 24 hours is of about 24 hours is called a circadian circadian rhythm rhythm Circadian rhythms Circadian rhythms are controlled by an organism's internal "biological internal "biological clock” clock”

Investigating the Interaction of Genes and Experience: A Case Study An experiment with lovebirds with lovebirdsdemonstrated that hybrid offspring that hybrid offspring could alter inherited behavior based behavior based on experience

Objectives Objectives Distinguish habituation, imprinting, and conditioning as forms of learning. Distinguish habituation, imprinting, and conditioning as forms of learning. Explain the term insight. Explain the term insight. Summarize two hypotheses about the purpose of play behavior. Summarize two hypotheses about the purpose of play behavior. Key Terms Key Terms learning learning learning habituation habituation habituation imprinting imprinting imprinting conditioning conditioning conditioning insight insight insight

Distinguish habituation, imprinting, and conditioning as forms of learning A change in an animal's behavior resulting from experience is called learning. A simple form of learning is habituation, in which an animal learns not to respond to a repeated stimulus that conveys little or no important information A change in an animal's behavior resulting from experience is called learning. A simple form of learning is habituation, in which an animal learns not to respond to a repeated stimulus that conveys little or no important informationlearninghabituationlearninghabituation

Distinguish habituation, imprinting, and conditioning as forms of learning Some of the most interesting cases involve imprinting. Imprinting Imprinting is learning that is limited to a is learning that is limited to a specific time period in an specific time period in an animal's life and that is usually irreversible animal's life and that is usually irreversible imprinting takes place during a particular time period in an animal's development called a critical learning period imprinting takes place during a particular time period in an animal's development called a critical learning period

Distinguish habituation, imprinting, and conditioning as forms of learning Learning that a particular Learning that a particular stimulus or a particular stimulus or a particular response is linked to response is linked to a reward or punishment a reward or punishment is called conditioning is called conditioningconditioning Ivan Pavlov Ivan Pavlov classical conditioning classical conditioning

15 3.3Explain the term insight. At a level above operant conditioning is the ability to respond appropriately to a new situation without previous experience, called insight or innovation. For example, an octopus can figure out how to unscrew the lid of a jar and obtain the food inside At a level above operant conditioning is the ability to respond appropriately to a new situation without previous experience, called insight or innovation. For example, an octopus can figure out how to unscrew the lid of a jar and obtain the food insideinsight

Explain the significance of courtship rituals Objectives Identify examples of competitive behaviors. Explain the significance of courtship rituals. Relate communication to other social behaviors. Give an example of cooperation in an animal species. Key Terms aggressive behavior dominance hierarchy territory courtship ritual communication cooperation

Identify examples of competitive behaviors Actual physical struggles or threatening behaviors between animals are classified as aggressive behaviorsaggressive behaviors Aggressive behaviors within a group of animals often result in a ranking of individuals, called a dominance hierarchydominance hierarchy Many animals exhibit territorial behavior. A territory is an area that individuals defend and from which other members of the same species are usually excludedterritory

Explain the significance of courtship rituals In some species, animals perform elaborate behaviors before mating, called a courtship ritualcourtship ritual controlled experiment demonstrated that female barn swallows tend to prefer mates with the longest tails. One hypothesis to explain this result is that a male must be healthy for long tail feathers to develop. Natural selection would favor female birds choosing these longer-tailed males.

Relate communication to other social behaviors. One of the most complex social systems is found in honeybees. In the 1940s, biologist Karl von Frisch carried out several experiments to study bee communication

Give an example of cooperation in an animal species The social system of the honeybees is one example of a group of behaviors described as cooperation, cooperation in which individuals work together in a way that is beneficial to the group.