Overview of Anatomy A. Azami, Ph.D. 1

Overview of Anatomy Anatomy – the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another Anatomy – the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another –Gross or macroscopic –Microscopic –Developmental

Gross Anatomy Regional – all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg) Regional – all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg) Systemic – gross anatomy of the body studied by system Systemic – gross anatomy of the body studied by system Surface – study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin Surface – study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin

Microscopic Anatomy Cytology – study of the cell Cytology – study of the cell Histology – study of tissues Histology – study of tissues

Developmental Anatomy Embryology – study of developmental changes of the body before birth Embryology – study of developmental changes of the body before birth

Anatomical terminology This generally relates to: This generally relates to: –Names of the organ systems or regions –Names of body organs or their parts –Anatomical planes –Anatomical locations

Anatomical planes

Anatomical Planes Saggital – divides the body into right and left parts Saggital – divides the body into right and left parts Coronal or frontal– divides the body into anterior and posterior parts Coronal or frontal– divides the body into anterior and posterior parts Horizontal or transverse (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts Horizontal or transverse (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Anatomical planes - 1 Median or mid- saggital plane Median or mid- saggital plane Passing from front to back in the long axis of the body IN the midline. Passing from front to back in the long axis of the body IN the midline.

Anatomical planes - 2 Saggital: Saggital – divides the body into right and left parts Saggital: Saggital – divides the body into right and left parts

Saggital plane

Anatomical planes - 3 Coronal or frontal: divides the body into anterior and posterior parts Coronal or frontal: divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Coronal Plane

Anatomical planes - 4 Horizontal or transverse (cross section) : divides the body into superior and inferior parts Horizontal or transverse (cross section) : divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Horizontal Plane

Anatomical positions Cranial toward the head 1. Cranial toward the head 2. Caudal - toward the feet 2. Caudal - toward the feet 3. Medial - toward the middle 3. Medial - toward the middle 4. Lateral - toward/from the side 4. Lateral - toward/from the side 5. Proximal - toward the attachment of a limb 5. Proximal - toward the attachment of a limb 6. Distal - toward the finger/toes 6. Distal - toward the finger/toes 7. Superior - above 7. Superior - above 8. Inferior - below 8. Inferior - below

Anatomical positions - 2

Anatomical movements Flexion/Extension

Regional Terms Axial – head, neck, and trunk Axial – head, neck, and trunk Appendicular – appendages or limbs Appendicular – appendages or limbs Specific regional terminology Specific regional terminology 19

Regional Terms 20

Body Cavities Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and is divided into two subdivisions Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and is divided into two subdivisions –Cranial cavity is within the skull and encases the brain –Vertebral cavity runs within the vertebral column and encases the spinal cord Ventral cavity houses the internal organs (viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions: thoracic and abdominopelvic Ventral cavity houses the internal organs (viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions: thoracic and abdominopelvic 21

Body Cavities 22

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